انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 22 82 2024 11 21 The role of services in the development of tourism, A case study: Shiraz metropolis نقش خدمات در توسعۀ گردشگری، مطالعه موردی: کلانشهر شیراز 1 26 717983 10.22034/iga.2024.2038471.1328 FA علی اکبر ایزدی سعدی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد یاسوج,دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، یاسوج، ایران. 0009-0005-7087-7611 مسعود تقوایی استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0001-5486-5972 یعقوب پیوسته گر دانشیار گروه معماری و شهرسازی،واحد یاسوج، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، یاسوج، ایران. 0000-0002-0284-4157 Journal Article 2024 08 18 Extended Abstract Introduction Benefiting from the valuable consequences of tourism will be possible when there is sufficient knowledge about the nature of this phenomenon and its characteristics and the capabilities of different regions of the country. Among the serious challenges to the development of tourism is the imbalanced growth between the capabilities and potentials of tourism in a region or a country with the growth of the sector providing services to tourists. Big and touristic cities are facing many problems, and this issue, especially in historical cities with traditional contexts that are located in the center of the city, makes it difficult to provide services for city residents, and the location of tourist centers in the traditional context and the pressure of tourism. This doubles the problem. In order to reduce and prevent the negative effects of tourism and proper distribution of space for providing services, it is necessary to determine the model of the city's tourist space and organize tourist spaces to provide city facilities and services such as hotels and restaurants, residences, transportation access facilities, increase the attractiveness of Cultural and artistic activities and providing tourist services. The city of Shiraz is one of the centers of attracting tourists at the national and international level in Iran. Due to its proximity to Takht Jamshid, this city hosts a large number of domestic and foreign tourists every year. Also, by having abundant environmental resources and benefiting from the cultural and historical support of several thousand years, it has a special ability to develop the tourism industry, but in terms of the prosperity of these functions, it has not been able to gain a place worthy of attention. The current research seeks to develop strategies for the development of tourism services, so that by evaluating these variables, the performance of officials and managers from the perspective of the people, experts, tourists and trustees of Shiraz city, in relation to the development of urban tourism services, and practical solutions for improvement. The existing situation and the satisfaction of tourists should be presented as a result. Methodology This research is considered to be an applied-developmental goal and a documentary, library, descriptive, analytical, causal and survey method. To conduct the research, first, the information available in written sources and specialized and related organizations was extracted, and in order to complete and update the information, questionnaires and observation of tourism services were used. The statistical population of this research consists of three groups. In the first part, experts, activists and senior managers of the General Department of Fars Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts, professors specializing in tourism in universities, the cultural and social organization of the municipality, as well as private sector activists in Shiraz city were used, and in the second part, executive directors and experts were used. Related institutions and organizations and the third group are tourists The model used in the analysis of the current research is MetaSWOT. Results and Discussion Finally, in order to formulate the final solutions, it was judged about the amount and possibility of combining important environmental factors with resources and abilities, and it was determined whether the combination of these factors with each other is a way forward in formulating a strategy. Based on this, the most important measures in this direction can be mentioned as follows: One of the important factors in the development of tourism services of Shiraz International Airport is that if it is managed on the basis of autonomous and self-governing management based on meritocracy (administered in the form of a company), that is, the manager collects the revenues in proportion to the expenses. Also, one of the problems in the development of tourism services is the legal and legal contradictions that have always created limitations for this sector; Therefore, it is necessary to review and resolve these contradictions in order to be able to take steps to develop tourism services from the existence of valuable ecological, historical and cultural areas in the context of Shiraz city. Considering that Shiraz is the export hub of engineering and technical services in the south of the country, by increasing the support and cooperation (financial and administrative) between official institutions, private sectors and public institutions, the creation of tourism service centers can be organized and promoted. And by emphasizing the spirit of hospitality of the people of Shiraz, which is divided due to contradictions in social and cultural laws, he strengthened it by setting moral codes in the form of a legal article in a clear and explicit manner. One of the strengths of the city of Shiraz is its uniqueness in terms of medicine and treatment, which has provided the opportunity for branding in this field. Conclusion Tourism services as one of the new topics in the world of urban planning have been noticed by many planners and policy makers. In this research, the city of Shiraz was considered as a destination city for tourism services. After examining the strengths and potentials of Shiraz in the direction of developing tourism services and determining the position of this city compared to two important tourism competitors, as well as the results of examining external factors, the most important of which is the wear and tear of facilities, equipment and tools used, including the road network. , hotels and guesthouses, etc., insufficient quantity and quality of facilities, equipment, amenities and service infrastructures in the city of Shiraz, lack of integrity in providing tourism services using information technology, lack of attention to fair distribution of services at the level of tourist attractions , lack of allocation of necessary and sufficient budget for tourism services, weakness in civil manners (human weaknesses, lack of social responsibility, etc.), habitation of addicts, vagabonds and vagrants in the historical and valuable context of the city. بهره‌مندی از پیامدهای ارزشمند گردشگری زمانی امکان پذیر خواهد بود که شناخت کافی در مورد ماهیت این پدیده و ویژگی های آن و قابلیت های مناطق مختلف کشور صورت گیرد. امروزه تلاش شهرها و مقاصد گردشگری برای متمایز شدن از سایر مقاصد و به چشم آمدن در نقشه های جهانی گردشگری، به دلیل اتخاذ استراتژی های دیکته شده و همسان، ناخواسته به نتایج معکوسی منتهی شده است. به منظور رفع این چالش ها، شکل جدیدی از گردشگری، به نام گردشگری خدمات رواج یافته است. هدف این پژوهش یافتن استراتژی هایی برای توسعه خدمات گردشگری در شهر شیراز می باشد، که به روش توصیفی – تحلیلی انجام گرفته است. پژوهش حاضر از نوع تحقیقات کاربردی- توسعه ای است. برای گردآوری داده ها از دو روش میدانی مبتنی بر پرسشنامه و کتابخانه ای استفاده شده است و جهت تدوین استراتژی های توسعه گردشگری، از تکنیک Meta-Swot استفاده شده است. بعد از بررسی نقاط قوت و پتانسیل‌های شیراز در راستای توسعه خدمات گردشگری و مشخص شدن جایگاه این شهر نسبت به دو رقیب مهم گردشگری نزدیک به خود، و همچنین نتایج بررسی عوامل خارجی که مهمترین آنها فرسودگی تاسیسات، تجهیزات و وسایل مورد استفاده از جمله شبکه راه‌ها، هتل‌ها و میهمان سراها و…، ناکافی بودن کمی و کیفی تسهیلات، تجهیزات، امکانات و زیرساخت‌های رفاهی خدماتی در شان شهر شیراز، عدم یکپارچگی در ارائه خدمات گردشگری با استفاده از فناوری اطلاعات، عدم توجه به توزیع عادلانه خدمات در سطح جاذبه های گردشگری، عدم تخصیص بودجه لازم وکافی برای خدمات گردشگری، ضعف در آداب مدنی (ناتوانی های انسانی،عدم رعایت مسئولیت اجتماعی و ....)، سکونت معتادان، ولگردان و افاغنه در بافت تاریخی و با ارزش شهر می باشد.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_717983_d24def63424ba45766a6c8d6f8403e94.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 22 82 2024 11 21 "Hydroliberal Diplomacy"; A New Approach in Hydropolitical Relations between Iran and its Neighbors; Case Study: Arvandroud Transboundary River Basin "هیدرولیبرال‌ دیپلماسی"؛ رویکردی نوین در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی ایران و همسایگان؛ مطالعه‌ موردی: حوضه رودخانه فرامرزی‌ اروند‌رود 27 52 717471 10.22034/iga.2024.2013654.1268 FA یاشار ذکی گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-7117-0360 محمد یوسفی شاتوری جغرافیای سیاسی،دانشکده جغرافیا،دانشگاه تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 02 25 Extended Abstract Introduction The country of Iran shares with its neighbors in four geographical directions, the basin of transboundary water rivers, and the issue of water and how to manage it has suffered special sensitivities. So, Iran shares a common river border with its 7 neighbors, the longest river border of Iran is related to Aras River (common border between Iran, Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan with a length of 475 km) and the smallest river border is related to Dourij River, which is 2.5 km long. It forms a part of the common border between Iran and Iraq (Mianabadi, 2012:205). It is necessary to explain that Iran has a special hydropolitical situation in each of the transboundary river basins that it shares with its neighbors. For example, Iran is in a lower position in its eastern borders and in a higher position in its western borders (Abdi and Mokhtari, 1384:196). For this reason, in each of the transboundary river basins, the country of Iran has had differences with its neighbors in terms of the way of dividing border waters and has experienced severe conflicts in some cases (Khaldi et al., 2013: 54). Therefore, this has caused the country of Iran to use special policies with its neighbors in the field of exploitation of common water resources. In this regard, in the Arvandroud transboundary river basin, the countries of Iran and Iraq over the use of the water of this river, which have had unresolved water disputes since ancient times in bilateral hydropolitical policies and relations over how to divide and use the water resources fairly; The country of Iraq has always tried to get more water for itself with a self-centered (self-interpreting) strategy, which led to an 8-year war with the establishment of the Baath regime in Iraq and finally in the years 1968 to 1975 AD. With the mediation of the Algerian government, a contract was signed in 1975. It was concluded between the two countries, which reduced the water disputes between the two countries to some extent. But the most important point that should be pointed out is that despite the water disputes that exist between the two countries on how to use and exploit the river water; There is still no ground for a potential diplomacy that can focus on solving the water disputes between the two countries. Therefore, it is necessary to take this important action in order to solve the water disputes of the two countries, and in this way, the hydropolitical issues and challenges of both countries can be overcome. Based on this, considering the role and sensitivity of water in the hydropolitical relations between Iran and its neighbors, especially in the Arvandroud transboundary river basin, the current research with the theoretical approach of hydroliberal diplomacy as a new approach to the challenges and issues arising in the hydropolitical relations between the coastal states, tries to with this aim to study water diplomacy and its role in the hydropolitical relations between Iran and Iraq over the Arvandroud river. In addition, since this study is a case study in terms of research strategy; Its main concern can be considered to be the emergence of political tensions and disputes over water in this basin, which become more complex every day with the passage of time. Methodology In terms of its purpose and quality, the current research is one of applied researches, and with a descriptive-analytical method, it investigated the role of water diplomacy in the hydropolitical relations between Iran and Iraq in the Arvandroud transboundary river basin with a theoretical approach of hydroliberal diplomacy and tried to based on the documentation of the border water of the Arvandroud river. To analyze the water diplomacy in the hydropolitical relations of the two countries and its most important hydropolitical problems and challenges. Finally, the method of collecting data and information in the form of slip writing and using library and document resources, including scientific articles and books and documents on border water related to the Research Center of the Islamic Council, has been used. Results and Discussion The current research is based on the water agreements between the two countries and the non-compliance with the legal and diplomatic principles contained in the agreements and protocols resulting from them, which resulted in the violation of Iran's rights on the issue of ownership and exploitation of river water during the past periods until today by third governments. could have been, the hydropolitical relations of the two countries have always turned negative. So that, despite the water negotiations that have existed between the two countries in various fields, the different positions of the two countries have caused the foundations of water diplomacy to be less strong, which has repeatedly led to the appearance of the effect of water diplomacy in the hydropolitical relations of the two countries in the form of negative aspects. conflict) has been In addition, with the reduction of the rights of Syria and Iraq by the Turkish government in the Tigris and Euphrates transboundary river basin, which is considered a security, political, economic and social threat to Iraq and Syria as well as to Iran on the western side, both countries should strengthen The foundations of water diplomacy in their hydropolitical relations with each other and therefore, by making a bilateral or multilateral agreement with Turkey with the theoretical approach of hydroliberal diplomacy as a new strategy, a new chapter of fairer negotiations with a real water diplomacy strategy can be created in the hydropolitical relations of the two countries. If there is no double operational action, the hydropolitical relations between Iran and Iraq will eventually lead to tension. Therefore, hydroliberal diplomacy as a new approach in the hydropolitical relations between Iran and its neighbors, especially between the countries of Iran and Iraq in the ArvandRoud basin, which refers to water as a factor of "cooperation"; He points to the importance and position of water diplomacy and admits: As long as the water treaties and agreements between the two countries are considered and implemented by actors in the diplomatic space and are focused on the axis of peace and cooperation, the positive aspects of hydropolitics will be visible in the hydropolitical relations of the two countries. will be On the contrary, when water agreements and treaties between two countries in order to understand and how to manage and control shared border water resources are neglected or violated by another, challenges and war over water will appear, and based on this, water is conflict-oriented. Emphasizes and often ignores the interaction-oriented, cooperative and peaceful view (the negative aspects of hydropolitics). Conclusion The hydropolitical relations between Iran and the Ottomans in Arvandroud can be seen as the hydropolitical relations between Ares, Atrak and Hirmand, and most of these negotiations were not in favor of Iran. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the formation of the Iraqi government, the negotiations on the hydropolitical relations between the two countries continued over the common water resources of the Arvand River and the determination of border lines in the river. In this period, only in one period of time and with the arrival of Abdul Rahman Aref, the relations between the two countries were based on cooperation and friendship; But with the establishment of the Baath regime in Iraq, the relations between the two countries became dark and the water diplomacy was also weakened. In other words, this period can be considered as the period of dominance of negative hydropolitics over positive hydropolitics, when two countries went to war for 8 years without negotiation regarding the ownership of Arvandrud river. Based on this, despite the ups and downs that have existed in the basin from the past until today, and this basin is considered the only basin in Iran that has experienced a full-scale war. It is expected that in the not too distant future this basin will be one of the basins with high tension in Iran's hydropolitics. Today, despite the emerging problems and dilemmas related to the two countries, which can be attributed to Turkey's indiscriminate construction of dams in the upper reaches of the basin, river water pollution caused by the industrial effluents of the basin countries and as a result the reduction of its water quality, Turkey's instrumental view of the water in the upstream, the reduction of Iraq's water rights. and Iran in Arvandroud, followed by the aggravation of the micro dust crisis caused by Turkey's dam construction projects on the headwaters of this river, the change of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers by Turkey and Syria, which has ultimately reduced the water flow of Arvandroud. Therefore, as time passes and the system of river water issues in this basin becomes more complicated in the relations between the two countries, if no action is taken to solve them, the tensions between the two countries will deepen and widen and may be drawn into a hostile state. In this regard, the two countries of Iran and Iraq should set up a council under the title of "Water Legal Coordination Council" in order to solve each other's problems. This council should consist of representatives of three countries: Iran, Iraq and Turkey. On the other hand, Iran should strive to strengthen water diplomacy in its relations with Turkey; So that the two countries of Iran and Turkey can improve their hydropolitical relations with each other in Arvandroud and Aras basins with a conciliatory approach. In general, it can be concluded that the process and apparatus of water diplomacy in the hydropolitical relations between Iran and Iraq in the transboundary river basin of Arvandroud since 1847 AD. So far it has been passive. One of the important reasons for this is 1) the continuation of disputes over the ownership of Arvandrod River; 2) Türkiye's indiscriminate dam constructions in the upstream of the basin; 3) decrease in river water quality; 4) Türkiye's instrumental view of water; 5) Intensification of the fine dust crisis in Iran and Iraq; 6) The deviation of the river's path is indicated. بی‌تردید امروزه آب به یک جستار سیاسی در رابطه با حصول قدرت درآمده و دیپلماسی‌آب به‌عنوان هنر سازش و همکاری بر روی منابع آب‌های مشترک در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی میان دولت‌های ساحلی ظهور پیدا کرده است. در ایران با توجه به این که اختلافات آبی متعددی در حوضه رودخانه‌های فرامرزی مشترک آن وجود دارد، به نظر می‌رسد که دیپلماسی‌آب با همسایگان یک نیاز ضروری است و می‌بایستی در دستگاه تصمیمات کلان ملی اهمیت داده شود. هدف از این پژوهش، واکاوی و تحلیل اسناد آب مرزی دیپلماسی‌آب در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی ایران و عراق در حوضه رودخانه فرامرزی اروند‌رود می‌باشد. سؤال پژوهش این است که در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی ایران و عراق چه مشکلاتی وجود دارد؟ و دیپلماسی‌آب چه نقشی می‌تواند در فروکاست معضلات هیدروپلیتیکی این حوضه داشته باشد؟ بر این اساس، این پژوهش با روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و اسنادی صورت پذیرفته و بر اساس یافته‌های تحقیق که با استفاده از اسناد مرکز پژوهش‌های مجلس شورای اسلامی انجام شده است، نتایج حاکی از آن بوده که اختلاف بر سر مالکیت آب این رودخانه همواره وجود داشته و به لحاظ تاریخی، طبق بررسی‌های انجام شده، دستگاه دیپلماسی‌آب در روابط هیدروپلیتیکی ایران و عثمانی و ایران و عراق در حوضه اروند‌رود از سال 1847م. تاکنون به صورت منفعلانه بوده که نیاز است کشور ایران در این زمینه برای حل مسائل خود با عراق و سپس ترکیه در حوضه مذکور، وارد دیپلماسی‌آب بالفعل شود و نیز شورایی را تحت عنوان «شورای هماهنگی حقوقی آب» راه‌اندازی کند. در همین راستا، ایران و عراق می‌بایستی در جهت تقویت پایه‌های همکاری به منظور کاهش دامنه تنش‌ها و رقابت‌ها تلاش کنند.

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انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 22 82 2024 11 21 Investigating the Role of Rural Television Networks in the Sustainability of the Country's Villages بررسی نقش شبکه تلویزیون روستایی در پایداری روستاهای کشور 53 74 718537 10.22034/iga.2024.2036887.1324 FA فرشاد اقاجانی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. تهمینه دانیالی دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد یادگار امام خمینی (ره) شهر ری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. مهرداد نوابخش استاد گروه علوم اجتماعی و جامعه‌شناسی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-3028-7458 Journal Article 2024 08 19 Extended Abstract Introduction In recent decades, rural development has become a key focus due to the critical role villages play in environmental balance and population sustainability. Media and communication technologies have significantly impacted rural societies, helping inform and raise awareness, enhance technical knowledge, and foster creativity. In developing countries, including Iran, improving communication infrastructure in rural areas is a priority, as it enhances quality of life, agricultural productivity, and access to services. Media also play a vital role in environmental conservation, resource management, and poverty reduction. Rural areas are crucial to the national economy, particularly in ensuring food security, and sustainable development in these areas requires strengthening communication networks. These networks can improve life quality, promote agricultural innovation, and support environmental sustainability. Therefore, research on establishing visual networks in rural areas is essential for long-term development. Methodology The FARAS (Fuzzy Additive Ratio ASsessment) model is a decision-making approach used in situations with uncertain or imprecise data. It combines fuzzy logic and additive ratio assessment (a method for multi-criteria decision analysis) to evaluate and prioritize alternatives based on multiple criteria. The model helps decision-makers handle ambiguity by using fuzzy sets to represent uncertainty in the criteria and alternatives. Results and Discussion The results obtained from the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicate that all the indicators in question follow a normal distribution. In the category of economic sustainable development indicators, the employment indicator with a weight of 0.434, economic growth with a weight of 0.423, and productivity with a weight of 0.401, have the highest and lowest levels of influence from the rural television network. In the category of social sustainable development indicators, the indicators of social activities and security with a weight of 0.450, health and well-being with a weight of 0.431, educational services with a weight of 0.421, population with a weight of 0.403, cultural and sports with a weight of 0.390, and religious and political with a weight of 0.380, have the highest and lowest levels of influence from the rural television network. In the category of physical sustainable development indicators, land use with a weight of 0.440, road network quality with a weight of 0.430, infrastructure quality with a weight of 0.424, and housing environment quality with a weight of 0.420, have the highest and lowest levels of influence from the rural television network. Conclusion This research aims to examine the role of local television networks in the sustainable development of rural areas in the country. The findings suggest that supporters of local television's role in rural economic development believe that such networks, through diverse functions, can enhance general knowledge, technical skills, and economic expertise, ultimately contributing to sustainable economic growth in rural regions. Local TV stations help increase agricultural product diversity, expand the area under cultivation, and improve average household income. Additionally, they are effective in boosting productivity and fostering entrepreneurship, especially among young rural populations. In the tourism sector, local TV networks promote small business creation, improve employment in agriculture, handicrafts, and tourism, and support the development of eco-tourism, thereby stabilizing jobs and reducing unemployment. By introducing rural entrepreneurs and showcasing tourism attractions, local TV helps increase job opportunities in rural areas. Local television also significantly impacts social development, improving social security and fostering community participation. It plays a crucial role in enhancing rural vitality, quality of life, and overall community engagement. Moreover, it contributes to public health and education by transferring valuable information, raising awareness, and advancing women's education and literacy. Culturally, locally produced content increases political participation, enhances awareness, and improves decision-making in elections. It also helps preserve cultural and social values in rural areas. However, challenges remain regarding political content and the role of national media in fostering political development at the local level. In terms of physical infrastructure, local television networks help prevent the conversion of agricultural land into residential or commercial areas by emphasizing the importance of preserving rural landscapes. They also contribute to improving rural road networks and housing quality by promoting sustainable building practices tailored to the specific needs and conditions of each region. Overall, local TV networks serve as a vital tool for promoting sustainable development, fostering entrepreneurship, improving infrastructure, and enhancing the socio-economic well-being of rural communities. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش شبکه تلویزیون روستایی در پایداری روستاهای کشور انجام شده است، که نتایح حاصل از آن می‌تواند برای برنامه‌ریزان و تصمیم‌گیرندگان در زمینه‌ی توسعه پایدار روستایی و شبکه دیداری سراسری روستاهای ایران مفید و موثر بیانجامد. این پژوهش کاربردی و با رویکرد کمی، ماهیت توصیفی-تحلیلی دارد. ابزار اندازه‌گیری شامل پرسشنامه و بررسی اسنادی بوده و داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS و مدل FARAS تحلیل شده است. نتایج نشان داد که تمام شاخص‌ها و گویه‌ها برای سنجش نقش شبکه تلویزیونی روستایی در توسعه پایدار اقتصادی، اجتماعی و کالبدی روستاها از سطح معناداری بالایی برخوردار بوده‌اند. تحلیل‌ها با استفاده از آزمون تی تک نمونه‌ای نشان داد که میانگین امتیازات بالاتر از حد متوسط (عدد 3) است، که نشان‌دهنده تأثیر زیاد شبکه تلویزیون روستایی بر توسعه پایدار روستاها است. در رتبه‌بندی شاخص‌ها با استفاده از مدل آرس فازی، در بعد اقتصادی شاخص‌های اشتغال، رشد اقتصادی و بهره‌وری به ترتیب با وزن‌های 0.434، 0.423 و 0.401، در بعد اجتماعی شاخص‌های فعالیت‌ها و امنیت اجتماعی، بهداشت و سلامت، خدمات آموزشی و جمعیت به ترتیب با وزن‌های 0.450، 0.431، 0.421 و 0.403، و در بعد کالبدی شاخص‌های کاربری اراضی، کیفیت شبکه معابر، کیفیت زیرساخت‌ها و کیفیت محیط مسکونی به ترتیب با وزن‌های 0.440، 0.430، 0.424 و 0.420 بیشترین تأثیر را از شبکه تلویزیون روستایی داشته‌اند. این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که سرمایه‌گذاری در توسعه شبکه تلویزیون روستایی می‌تواند نقش مهمی در توسعه پایدار روستاها داشته باشد. بنابراین، برنامه‌ریزان و تصمیم‌گیران باید به این موضوع توجه ویژه داشته باشند. بر اساس نتایج این پژوهش، توصیه می‌شود که برنامه‌ریزی برای تولید محتواهای تلویزیونی متناسب با نیازهای روستاییان و تقویت زیرساخت‌های پخش در مناطق روستایی در اولویت قرار گیرد.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_718537_c5a654a7a86aa6201d13628e7af2b699.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 22 82 2024 11 21 Evaluation of the research position of the Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University in Iranian universities ارزیابی جایگاه پژوهشی دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی دانشگاه خوارزمی در دانشگاه‌های ایران 75 90 718330 10.22034/iga.2024.2019973.1283 FA فرهاد عزیزپور دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0003-0204-8270 حسن مؤمنی دکتری گروه جغرافیای انسانی دانشکده جغرافیا،دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-8464-6196 Journal Article 2024 03 13 Extended Abstract Introduction Universities are widely recognized as one of the most important components of the education system and key institutions shaping the past and future of the world. The dissemination of knowledge is essential for elevating the level of education in universities, and as a result, standardizing higher education systems with an emphasis on constructive interaction in international relations, advanced knowledge, scientific and technological production, and reliance on social capital. Therefore, the assessment of sciences is a fundamental solution for promoting the scientific level of university centers. Scientometrics can be defined as the quantitative and, to some extent, qualitative analysis of the process of producing, distributing, and utilizing scientific information, as well as the factors affecting it. This includes describing, explaining, and predicting this process for the purpose of planning, policymaking, excellence, awareness, and scientific and research foresight in individual, group, organizational, and international dimensions. In this context, Kharazmi University, with a history of over a century, has always been a focus of scientific attention in the country and the world. Therefore, English journals extracted by the Scimago website and under the supervision of the Elsevier Institution, using the Scopus database, have assessed the overall status of Kharazmi University based on only journal indicators over a 13-year period until 2021, as follows. Methodology The present research method is both quantitative and qualitative, encompassing a sequential and simultaneous mixed-methods approach. In this design, a sequential mixed-methods approach was employed, where the quantitative method was used first, followed by the qualitative method to complement the research process. Therefore, according to the defined research questions, suitable research indicators were identified through a collective discourse with experts in this field, including experts from the research department of Kharazmi University and the deanships and faculties of geography. Overall, 15 indicators were selected for research activities. However, since access to information resources and scientific websites is an important principle of this activity, this was planned in a way that the data were mostly extracted from accessible and evaluable web resources, which could be analyzed using quantitative methods, and thus, a basis for comparing faculties and geography groups with the obtained resources was provided. Therefore, in the end, 6 indicators were determined based on the following table, including the per capita number of publications in reputable English journals, the number of citations to published articles, the per capita number of domestic publications, the number of printed books by geography centers, the number of faculty or geography group journals, and the scientific credibility of faculty journals. This endeavor has led to the indicators being standardized appropriately. In this regard, relying on scientific data production centers such as Web of Science, Scopus, ISC, etc, information was collected. Results and Discussion The research findings need to be mentioned that most similar works only used one or two indicators for ranking, while this research project has set several indicators as the criteria for its quantitative evaluation. Due to the data extraction from some international websites, it was necessary to accurately list the names of the faculty members one by one. By referring to scientific references and websites, documents related to each member were separately extracted. Given the nature of the work and the number of indicators, this process was very time-consuming. Due to confidentiality and limitations, it is not possible to provide a table for this section. After extracting the data based on the quantitative indicators of the project, a per capita method was used to reduce the evaluation error. Accordingly, the number of research activities performed at that Geography center, whether it is a faculty or educational group, is the criterion of assessment. An example of this is shown in the following table. In the world, ranking of humanities fields is not given much attention, as the criteria for these rankings often do not include these sciences. For example, receiving the Nobel Prize in humanities fields is more like a joke! To change this rule, more appropriate actions are needed. Gaining knowledge about the popularity of departments as scientific determinants, models of human knowledge, and the foundation of nourishing sciences is very important. Nowadays, this process has been facilitated, and with the existence of many scientific websites, scientific evaluations are accessible. Therefore, the field of geography sciences needs evaluation. As research findings show, despite the existence of appropriate criteria for research activities, shortcomings are also observed. Prioritizing the opinions of interviewees (as described in the research method) can be effective in reinforcing the positive factors and reducing the negative factors in improving the scientific status of the Department of Geography. It is necessary to conduct fundamental reviews in this regard. Conclusion In this study, the results and achievements are briefly summarized based on the scientific research conducted to evaluate the position of academic institutions. Typically, a single criterion based on the publication of scientific articles has been used to evaluate the position of academic centers. However, in this study, several evaluation criteria for research activities of academic departments were developed with the help of statisticians. A total of six evaluation criteria were used, indicating the multidimensional approach of this research. The criteria were based on established valuation methods that could extract information from several reputable scientific websites such as Scopus and other online databases. One of the distinguishing features of this scientific approach was the simultaneous use of quantitative and qualitative methods. In addition to determining the position of the Kharazmi University Department of Geography based on quantitative data, the strengths, weaknesses, and reasons for achieving this position were qualitatively analyzed. In this regard, in response to the first question of the research, based on the scale of the survey conducted among 7 faculties or scientific groups of geography in the country that had three criteria determined by faculty members, teaching groups and having a doctorate degree. هر سازمان علمی به منظور آگاهی از میزان مطلوبیت فعالیتهای خود بالاخص در محیطهای پویا، نیاز مبرم به نظام ارزشیابی دارد. فقدان این نظام در یک سازمان به معنای ضعف با محیط درونی و بیرونی بوده، زمینه ساز افزایش آسیب‌پذیری می شود. استقرار نظام ارزشیابی در دانشگاه با هدف پایش و تحلیل کارایی، اثربخشی و پایداری در راستای اهداف توسعه علمی است. در این چارچوب، تعیین سطح و جایگاه علمی مراکز دانشگاهی، کمک شایانی در تحقق اهداف بیان شده دارد. این اقدام سبب ارتقای جایگاه دانشگاه و به تبع دانشکده ها و گروه های آموزشی و پژوهشی می‌شود. پژوهش حاضر با اعتقاد به این موضوع، شناخت جایگاه علمی دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی را در بین دانشگاههای کشوربر اساس منابع در دسترس هدف اصلی خود قرار داده است. روش پژوهش، از نوع ترکیبی متوالی است. یعنی در ابتدا شاخص‌های پژوهشی که قابل دسترس هستند با اتکا به وبگاه‌های علمی تولید داده مانند: Web Of Science، Scopus، ISC و سایر وبگاه‌ها جمع آوری گردیدند، پس از پردازش کمی داده‌ها، جایگاه دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی دانشگاه خوارزمی در مقایسه با سایر مراکز علمی جغرافیایی (دارای ملاک های مشابه) بدست آمد. در این پژوهش متمایز با سایر پژوهشهای مشابه فقط به «تعیین سطح» بسنده نشد و با روش کیفی مبتنی بر رویکرد تحلیل محتوا ، نقاط قوت، ضعف، فرصتها و تهدیدها کشف و تفهم گردید. یبنابراین دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی دانشگاه خوارزمی مبتنی بر شاخص های منتخب در سطح متوسط قرار دارد. ضعف در سرانه و ارجاع به مقالات لاتین در بین شاخصها دارای اهمیت بالایی است. همچنین، ضعف برخورداری از زیرساختها و تشکیلات اداری بخش پژوهش و فناوری، کاهش انگیزه برخی از اعضای هیات علمی متاثر از وضعیت نظام حقوق به کاهش روحیه مشارکت در بین اساتید با ارکان اجرایی دانشکده مهمترین عوامل بازدارنده بر ارتقای دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی دانشگاه خوارزمی در بین دانشکده های جغرافیایی منتخب هستند

https://mag.iga.ir/article_718330_3e8c6827a2d605e59562aa5c366d70ac.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 22 82 2024 11 21 Efficiency of Fuzzy Clustering Algorithms in Automatic Morphological Pattern Recognition (case study: Alaa River) کارایی الگوریتم‌های خوشه‌بندی فازی در بازشناسی خودکار الگو‌های مورفولوژیک (مطالعه موردی: رودخانه علاء) 91 106 718616 10.22034/iga.2024.2031946.1312 FA رضا رضوی مقدم گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر، ایران. هیوا علمیزاده گروه زمین شناسی، دانشکده منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه علوم و فنون دریایی خرمشهر، ایران. Journal Article 2024 07 31 Extended Abstract Introduction The process of changes detection, identifying landforms and how they are distributed is one of the basic needs of geomorphology and natural resources. On the other hand, remote sensing technology is a useful tool for studying and monitoring terrestrial phenomena in order to produce useful and valuable data in terms of spatial and temporal. Therefore, high spatial panchromatic remote sensing (HR-PRS) images are a useful and efficient tool for identifying and classifying landforms due to their high spatial and spectral resolution. Obstacles, such as cloud and shadow coverage, greatly affect the analysis and processing of satellite imagery, such as changes detection, classifying, and extracting accurate information from satellite imagery; Therefore, selecting the most appropriate segmentation algorithms to improve the identification and detection of landforms in these areas is of great importance. The selection and development of these algorithms, under the influence of parameters such as radiometric accuracy, atmospheric conditions, spectral, spatial, thematic and temporal resolution, provide a powerful technology for extracting information and preparing thematic maps that can be monitored and evaluated. Provides better landforms and environmental change trends by comparing temporal images. In this regard, fuzzy clustering algorithms is one of the methods that has acceptable performance in the segmentation of high spatial resolution (HR-PRS) images. The aim of this study is fuzzy segmentation using GeoEye-1 satellite imagery and proposed clustering and fusion algorithms, and the effectiveness of these techniques in anomaly detection, landforms and automatic formic patterns recognition are examined in the study area. Therefore, in this paper, a study of fuzzy zoning techniques of high spatial resolution (HR-PRS) images in order to better and more accurately detect geomorphic features in areas with obstacles of interpretation and analysis, including Cloud and shadow cover can be useful for planning, management and future sustainable development of areas. Methodology In this paper, fuzzy segmentation process and clustering algorithms are used with the aim of anomaly detecting and automatic morphic pattern recognition. For image segmentation, in addition to radiometric features, the spatial information of HR-PRS panchromatic images extracted by tissue features is also used. In addition, fuzzy clustering numbers and methods are used to improve the accuracy of study area segmentation. The study area in this study is located on Alaa River in Ramhormoz. In this regard, the panchromatic images of HR-PRS GeoEye-1 sensor have been used. In this regard, after radiometric and geometric preprocessing, based on fuzzy features, the input images were integrated in MATLAB software and then using FWS, MSA, IDF and CFM algorithms, segmentation was performed. In these methods, fuzzy clustering is performed several times for different numbers of clusters (from to ) and the clustering output is evaluated and the best number of regions ( ) is selected. Also, in the processing stage, in order to reach a certain number of clusters, the image is clustered so that after defuzzification is applied on it, fuzzy segmentation is performed. Finally, the studied fuzzy clustering algorithms with fuzzy parameters are applied to the input HR-PRS images and the results are discussed. Results and Discussion In order to compare and analyze the performance of fuzzy clustering in the segmentation process, FWS, MSA, IDF and CFM algorithms were applied and processed on HR-PRS panchromatic images of the study area. The results of fuzzy segmentation and comparison of the proposed methods in the study area (Figure 4) show that the Interval-valued Data Fuzzy c-means (IDF) method has a better performance for fuzzy segmentation than other methods. The IDF method, in which the ambiguity in the HR-PRS images in the segmentation area is taken into account, has the best performance in general to find the optimal number of clusters and centers of clusters and to detect features. This algorithm also adjusts the detection capability and provides higher accuracy and detects the main boundaries well and removes the extra boundaries. The results also show that the Fuzzy Watershed Segmentation (FWS) method in the field of spatial features detection and river detection, which is a spatial criterion, has shown good performance in fuzzy clustering and in pixel fuzzy clustering. HR-PRS images examined image boundaries are well separated. However, due to its high sensitivity to noise, the FWS method faces the problem of creating additional boundaries. As a result, it has not well identified the main boundaries in the shadow and cloud cover area. Conclusion The results of applying the studied fuzzy segmentation algorithms on the study area show the use of local and global spatial relationships of pixels for fuzzy clustering of HR-PRS images and also the use of textural, structural and spectral features for segmentation and object recognition in panchromatic images have a high ability to detect geomorphic features. These results also indicate the effectiveness of fuzzy clustering algorithms for segmentation multispectral remote sensing images and confirm the efficiency of the proposed segmentation methods in terms of detecting spatial features and phenomena and accurate extraction of information from images. هدف این پژوهش ناحیه‌بندی فازی با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‌ای GeoEye-1 و الگوریتم‌های خوشه‌بندی و ادغام پیشنهادی است و کارایی این تکنیک‌ها در آشکارسازی عوارض و پدیده‌های سطح زمین و بازشناسی خودکار الگو‌های مورفولوژیک در رودخانه علاء بررسی می‌گردد. در این رابطه پس از پیش‌پردازش‌های رادیومتریک و هندسی، بر اساس ویژگی‌های فازی به ادغام تصاویر ورودی در نرم‌افزار MATLAB پرداخته و سپس با استفاده از الگوریتم‌های (FCM)، (PCM)، (GK) و (FSC) به ناحیه‌بندی مقاوم پوشش زمینی اقدام گردید. در این روش‌ها خوشه‌بندی فازی چندین بار و برای تعداد خوشه‌های مختلف (از c_min تا c_max) انجام گرفته و با ارزیابی خروجی خوشه‌بندی و انتخاب بهترین تعداد نواحی (c ̂) تعیین شده است. همچنین در مرحله پردازش جهت رسیدن به تعداد مشخصی خوشه، تصویر خوشه‌بندی می‌شود تا پس از اعمال Defuzzification بر روی آن، ناحیه‌بندی فازی صورت گیرد. در نهایت الگوریتم‌های خوشه‌بندی فازی مورد بررسی که دارای پارامترهای فازی هستند، بر روی تصاویرHR-PRS ورودی اعمال شده و نتایج آن مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج ناحیه‌بندی فازی و مقایسه روش‌های پیشنهادی در محدوده مطالعاتی نشان می‌دهد که روش Interval-valued Data Fuzzy c-means (FSC) که در آن ابهام موجود در تصاویر HR-PRS در ناحیه‌بندی لحاظ شده است، در مجموع دارای بهترین عملکرد جهت یافتن تعداد خوشه‌های بهینه و مراکز خوشه‌ها و آشکارسازی پدیده‌های سطحی می‌باشد. همچنین این الگوریتم قابلیت تفکیک پذیری عوارض را تنظیم و دقت بالاتری را ارائه می‌دهد و مرزهای اصلی را به خوبی تشخیص و مرزهای اضافی را حذف می‌کند. این نتایج همچنین نشان‌دهنده اثربخشی الگوریتم‌های خوشه‌بندی فازی جهت ناحیه‌بندی تصاویر سنجش از دور چند طیفی می‌باشد و کارایی روش‌های ناحیه‌بندی پیشنهادی را از منظر تشخیص عوارض و پدیده‌های مکانی و استخراج دقیق اطلاعات از تصاویر تایید می‌نمایند.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_718616_1ac794ebb72a91745fbdf8b787d06603.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 22 82 2024 11 21 Changes in the lifestyle of villagers in the rural town of Golkhani (Nimroz Township/Sistan and Baluchestan Province) تحولات سبک زندگی روستاییان شهرک روستایی گلخانی (شهرستان نیمروز/استان سیستان و بلوچستان) 107 127 715081 10.22034/iga.2024.2014196.1273 FA فرزانه چترسیمابی کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. سیدهادی طیب نیا دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. 0000-0002-4689-0550 حمیدرضا رخشانی نسب استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران. Journal Article 2024 02 25 Extended Abstract Introduction Lifestyle styles include a set of attitudes, behaviors, modes, and tastes in everything. The villages of Iran have been exposed to some of the technological achievements of the modern world, due to the relatively convenient communication facilities, in a period of their socio-cultural transformation, which brought about a fairly broad movement from their lifestyle to the new lifestyle of experience they do. This movement and change can be the result of many factors, the most important of which are the introduction of modern facilities, and in the first place, they have access to communication infrastructures. Golkhani Town is a rural settlement in Saberi District of Nimroz Township in Sistan and Baluchestan province. The village is located in the County of Qa'emabad and according to the 2016 census, its population (501 households) is 2, 064 people. In recent years, the villagers have changed their lifestyle of the villagers from communication facilities such as television, satellite, Internet, cars, home appliances, and many other modern-day blessings. These changes have brought about a transformation of economic, political, social, and cultural diversity in this rural settlement. Therefore, the present research, concerning financial capacity and human resources, attempts to explain the effects of modernity on changing the lifestyle of rural households in this rural settlement. Methodology The present research is a descriptive-analytical method in terms of applied purpose. Two methods of library and field studies have been used to collect information. In the Field Studies section, according to the subject, the information needed to test the hypotheses through objective and subjective data, questionnaires, and observations were used. The statistical population of the study is all residents of Golkhani Town, which includes 2064 people. The sampling method is based on the Cochran formula and the number of samples is 324. Sampling was done by simple random method. To investigate the validity of the questionnaire, experts', experts', and experts' opinions were used and the questionnaire was approved. To obtain the reliability of the questionnaire, Cornbrash’s alpha has been used. The obtained alpha value was equal to 0.78, indicating that it had sufficient validity to examine questions and variables. The instrument of measurement in this research is a questionnaire (construction researcher). After collecting and categorizing data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data using SPSS software. Chi-square, regression fit, linear regression, path analysis, and Fisher's statistics were used to analyze the data. Results and Discussion Based on the findings; The age status of the respondents was grouped into five groups: less than 30 years, 30 to 40 years, 40 to 50 years, 50 to 60 years, and over 60 years. The age group above 60 years has the lowest frequency with 26 people and 8%. Also, the age group of 30 to 40 years has the highest frequency with the frequency of 95 people and 29%. The maximum frequency is related to the free occupational group with the frequency of 133 people and the frequency percentage is 41%, and the minimum occupational group is related to the administrative and service group with the frequency of 25 people and the frequency percentage is 8%. The results of the research show that modernization and modernity had the greatest impact on the motivation to progress with an average of 4.566 and the least impact on the fatalism index with an average of 3.188. Also, the influence of modernization and modernity on the index of the modern model is equal to 4.122, globalism index 3.604, family orientation index 3.277, political efficiency index 3.733, index of having modern human characteristics 4.334, sympathy and empathy index 223 4/4, equality and egalitarianism index was 4.276 and media consumption index was 4.356. The effects of modernization on the social lifestyle in the Village Town of Golkhani have been significant. These modernization effects on Golkhani Town caused behavioral changes, changes in people's eating patterns and tastes, more use of new technologies, changes in people's clothes and clothing, especially the young people of the village and educated people, and changes in the way of thinking and thinking. The villagers' attitude towards life has reduced the relations and interactions between the villagers, the reduction of ethnic and tribal prejudices, and even the hometown bias, the reduction of the participation of the villagers in cultural and religious ceremonies, the significant increase in the use of social networks and the change in the beliefs and opinions of the people. All of which shows the effects of modernization and modernity on the social lifestyle of the people of Golkhani Town. Conclusion Based on field findings and interviews with residents, various changes have been made in the study area; changes in the pattern of housing construction from rural to urban style, the changing of the language of elementary students from Persian to Scythian folk, change in clothing more than 30% of the village population Reducing the number of local indigenous games among young people, reducing the number of traffic jams and expelling family and clan elders, and turning people into several jobs simultaneously and abandoning agriculture. The results of the study showed that modernization has more effects on lifestyle in the cultural dimension and the findings of the research are consistent with the results of other researchers who believe that the impact of cultural factors on rural lifestyle is more than other components in the study area. In this way, societal, cultural, and economic factors can relate to relatively 45% of lifestyle changes in rural areas. Also, the amount of social and cultural changes in the life of the studied villages is much higher than the changes in the production sector, and with the increase of lifestyle changes, the quality of life has decreased. Funding There is no funding support. Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. فرآیند نوسازی از چند دهه پیش برای تغییر سبک ندگی کشورهای جهان سوم از سوی اندیشمندان غربی ارائه شده است؛ امروزه اثرات نوسازی در جوامع روستایی کشورهای جهان سوم بیشتر از جوامع شهری قابل مشاهده است. هدف این پژوهش تحلیل پیامدهای تغییر سبک زندگی روستائیان در اثر مدرنیته و نوسازی در شهرک روستایی گلخانی است. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر شیوه اجرا توصیفی- تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش را خانوارهای ساکن در شهرک روستایی گلخانی که براساس سرشماری 1395 تعداد 2064 نفر بوده اند، است که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران حجم نمونه ای به تعداد 324 نفر به صورت تصادفی ساده انتخاب شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل یافته‌های پژوهش از آزمون تحلیل رگرسیون، تحلیل مسیر و آزمون تی تست استفاده شده است. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون نشان می دهد اثرات نوسازی بر سبک زندگی در متغیر فرهنگی بیشترین تاثیر بر متغیر کاهش اعتقادات با مقدار بتای 336/0 داشته است؛ و کمترین تاثیر بر متغیر مدگرایی با مقدار بتای 267/0 داشته است. درمتغیر اقتصادی بیشترین تاثیر بر متغیر درآمد زایی با مقدار بتای 357/0 داشته است و کمترین تاثیر بر متغیر عدم کمک مالی به دیگران با مقدار بتای 216/0 داشته است. در متغیر اجتماعی بیشترین تاثیر نوسازی برمتغیر تغییر رفتار با مقدار بتای 366/0 بوده است و کمترین تاثیر برمتغیر تغییر در تعصب به خانواده و زادگاه با مقدار بتای 145/0 بوده است. نتایج تحلیل مسیر نشان می دهد که متغیر اجتماعی با اثر کلی 640/0 بیشترین اثر و متغیر روانی با اثر کلی 177/0 کمترین اثر را بر سبک زندگی روستاییان گذاشته است. همچنین نتایج آزمون تی تست نشان داد بیشترین میانگین متعلق به شاخص مصرف رسانه ای با میانگین 344/3 است و کمترین میانگین متعلق به شاخص همدردی و همدلی با میانگین 787/2 است.

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انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 22 82 2024 11 21 The impact of urban land development on landscape pattern and ecological risk تاثیر توسعه اراضی شهری بر الگوی سیمای سرزمین و ریسک اکولوژیکی 129 148 718013 10.22034/iga.2024.2022285.1290 FA پریا شریفی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و آمایش سرزمین، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه ارومیه، ایران. 0009-0000-8162-6600 ایوب منوچهری استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه ارومیه، ایران 0000-0002-1930-0367 خدیجه جوان دانشیار آب و هواشناسی ، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه ارومیه، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-1005-5051 مجید رمضانی مهریان استادیار گروه مطالعات محیطی، پژوهشکده تحقیق و توسعه علوم انسانی (سمت) 0000-0002-0216-299X Journal Article 2024 05 30 Extended Abstract Introduction Iran is also one of the countries that, in the last five decades, has faced the rapid growth of urbanization and the increase in migration to the cities, which has caused the sudden and unnatural expansion of these cities and the destruction of fertile lands and natural resources and compensation damages. Inevitability has become part of nature. As a result, there have been many changes in land use and land cover, and as a result, important structural disturbances such as the destruction of forests, the conversion of gardens and fields into built-up uses, and the severe pollution of the sea and rivers in the face of Iranian cities. It has led to a change in the function and disturbance of the ecological balance in the cities. Due to the increase in land use changes, mainly due to human activities, it is necessary to monitor vegetation changes, evaluate trends, and investigate their environmental effects for future planning and resource management. On the other hand, the lack of attention to land use changes in the last few decades has created many environmental problems, such as pollution of water, soil, etc., on the basis of which the investigation and analysis of land use on different scales with the aim of sustainable development and proper management of the environment and natural resources are essential. On this basis, in order to understand the mutual and complex relationships between cities and ecosystems in different regions, as well as to investigate the environmental effects of city growth beyond its physical boundaries, it is necessary to investigate the effects of urban growth and ecological risk on a wider scale than the city in question. The study should be done to clearly identify the changes that have been made in the landscape of that area. In this research, an attempt is made to examine the extent of horizontal expansion in the four cities of Urmia, Miandoab, Naqdeh, and Mahabad and to evaluate its effect on the landscape and its ecological risk. Methodology In terms of the general research approach and its nature, this research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of its purpose. Also, for compiling the theoretical topics of land surveying and land use, the library method, searching for internet sources, dissertations, and valid Persian and foreign articles have been used. In order to determine land use changes, Landsat satellite images were used, and initially, raw images were downloaded from the USGS website. In order to investigate the pattern of the landscape and the amount of destruction of the land and identify the changes in land use, there is a need to carry out this research over a longer period of time. Mahabad, Naqdeh, and Miandoab were obtained from the Landsat satellite. The time interval of the extracted images is 10 years, and the data of the images were selected so that they have the same season as far as possible in terms of vegetation. Accordingly, the images of the summer season (July) were used more due to the lack of cloud cover and pasture cover. Also, to examine the ecological risk of each class, weights were considered for each class, and with the help of Fragstats 4.2 software, based on the obtained percentage, it was determined how much risk each area has, and with the class The classification of risks in the GIS environment was done to more easily examine the areas based on the increasing or decreasing trend of ecological risk. Results and Discussion The high population density and the rapid expansion of urban uses in the four cities in question have significantly changed the structure of land use and the pattern of the regional landscape and caused a series of ecological and environmental problems. The results of the research show that the extent of garden and agricultural land in these four cities has been reduced by converting them to urban use. As we progress from 1990 to 2020, the ecological risks will also increase, which is the result of the rapid and unlimited expansion of these cities, which will lead to an increase in ecological risks and the deterioration of environmental conditions. In general, in all the cities under our study, agricultural land, gardens, and pastures have turned into wasteland and urban space, which has caused a significant increase in high-risk areas and environmental problems. It is necessary to improve the environment and protect the ecological balance of land use. Human activity causes significant changes in land use and affects the landscape of garden and agricultural land use. In recent years, with the trend of increasing population and changing the uses of pasture land, gardens, and agricultural land to barren land and especially city space, it has brought environmental risks to different areas. Ecological risk assessment helps us identify the amount of change in each region and investigate which regions have high or low risk. According to the prepared maps, the amount of risk in each region is divided into 5 categories, which include areas with very low risk, low risk, medium risk, high risk, and very high risk. How much it will be paid. It should also be noted that the validation numbers used in the field of ecological risk, which are weighted based on each land use in the area. Conclusion The focus of this study is on land use changes and ecological risk on four cities in four plains leading to Lake Urmia. The results of land use changes and its analysis show that many changes have occurred in the land use of the studied urban areas. The results of the investigation of the urban growth pattern of the four cities in 6 layers of gardens and urban green space, agricultural land, barren land, urban space and pasture and water shows that in a period of 30 years, the area of pasture, gardens, agricultural land and water has decreased and increased. The area of urban space and wasteland has been increased. This process has continued from 1990 to 2020 and has caused many high-quality agricultural lands to change use. However, there are differences between the studied cities. For example, the city of Urmia has undergone more changes than the city of Mahabad, but the general result of the studied cities shows a lot of land use changes around Lake Urmia. Ecological risk assessment was classified into five risk categories from very low to very high risk. The results of ecological risk-taking show that between 1990 and 2020, the level of risk has decreased at a low level. Urmia city has increased from 52% to 23% and Naqdeh, Mahabad and Miandoab cities from 25%, 57%, 27% to 8%, 32%, and 4% respectively, and in contrast to the risk in the very high class, there has been an increasing trend and the cities of Urmia, Naqdeh, Mahabad and Miandoab reached 39, 32, 16 and 13 percent from 8, 9, 3 and 4 percent, respectively. These results show that the ecological risk of the studied cities has increased in the last 30 years. One of the important effects of this increase in ecological risk will be the negative impact on Lake Urmia, which will have a reciprocal effect on the increase in ecological risk. در سال‌های اخیر زمین‌های کشاورزی آسیب جدی دیده که باعث تخریب سیمای سرزمین شده‌است. هدف از این پژوهش این است که آسیب‌های به وجود آمده در چهار شهر ارومیه، میاندوآب، نقده و مهاباد مورد بررسی قرار گرفته شود. این تحقیق از لحاظ روش‌‌شناسی توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و از لحاظ هدف کاربردی است. برای بررسی و تحلیل تعاریف نظری سیمای سرزمین و کاربری اراضی، روش کتابخانه‌‌‌‌ای جستجو در منابع اینترنتی، پایان نامه‌ها و مقالات معتبر فارسی و خارجی استفاده شده‌است. در این پژوهش ابتدا تصاویر مورد نیاز تحقیق، در دامنه زمانی و مکانی معین از ماهواره لندست تهیه شد. دوره بررسی در یک دوره 30 ساله بین 1990 میلادی تا 2020 بود. این تصاویر از ماهواره لندست و سنجنده‌های TM وTIR/OLI در تاریخ‌های یکسان از سال تهیه شد. پس از اخذ داده‌ها، ابتدا تصاویر استفاده شده و بر روی آنها پیش پردازش انجام گرفته شد. سپس با استفاده از نرم افزارهای مورد نیاز نقشه های تغییرات کاربری استخراج شد. در مرحله بعد برای بررسی میزان ریسک اکولوژی هر طبقه وزن‌هایی برای هر طبقه در نظر گرفته‌شد و با کمک نرم‌افزار ‌Fragstats 4.2 و بر اساس درصد بدست آمده مشخص شد که هر منطقه چه میزان ریسکی را دارد و با طبقه‌بندی میزان ریسک‌ها در محیط Gis به بررسی راحت‌تر مناطق بر اساس روند افزایشی یا کاهشی ریسک اکولوژی پرداخته‌شد. نتیجه‌گیری کلی از تحقیق با توجه به نقشه‌های کاربری اراضی برای ما نشان داد که از سال 1990 تا 2020 از مساحت مراتع و باغات و زمین کشاورزی و آب کاسته شده و بر مساحت فضای شهری و زمین بایر افزوده شده‌است؛ هم‌چنین در نقشه‌های ریسک اکولوژیکی نیز در طی همین دوره از سال 1990 تا 2020 از مناطق دارای ریسک خیلی پایین و پایین کاسته شده و بر مناطق دارای ریسک بالا و بسیار بالا افزوده شده‌است.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_718013_8e95dfd4d2969fc6ac1b73388cf22dc9.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 22 82 2024 11 21 Identifying of the aesthetic indicators of the urban landscape بازشناسایی شاخص های زیبایی شناسی منظر شهری 149 164 717745 10.22034/iga.2024.2036141.1318 FA داود وفاداری کمارعلیا دانشجوی دکتری تخصصی برنامه ریزی شهری، گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران. 0000-0001-8084-4227 حسین نظم فر استاد برنامه ریزی شهری، گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0009-0004-6804-4517 احمد حامی دانشیار گروه مهندسی فضای سبز، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران. 0000-0002-8599-3894 محمد حسن یزدانی استاد برنامه ریزی شهری، گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. Journal Article 2024 07 20 Extended Abstract Introduction A city is introduced as a place of residence where continuous social development takes place. Inside this unit, areas such as shelter, accommodation, commuting, work, rest and recreation meet the needs of society. The number of people who are engaged in agricultural activities is small, the population density is higher than the villages and it consists of small units called neighborhoods (Keles, 1998, Tulek et al, 2024). Rapid urbanization causes the change of natural surfaces (such as agricultural and forest lands) to artificial surfaces (such as buildings, roads) i.e. changed use (Rafael et al, 2019, Han et al, 2023, McKinney, 2002, McKinney, 2006, Sliwinski et al, 2016, Aronson et al, 2014, Reynolds et al, 2019, Maseko et al, 2024) and has caused urban areas to continuously increase to meet the needs (Dadashpoor et al, 2019 , He et al, 2022, Han et al, 2023, Ettinger et al, 2021, Gibb and Hochuli, 2002, Huang et al, 2024). The aesthetics of the urban environment is a complex issue that a city should be evaluated beyond its physical characteristics (Rezafar, 2023). Despite the long history of urbanization, environmental aesthetics and especially the aesthetics of the urban landscape have received less and less attention, and now that the majority of the world's population lives in cities, the need to pay attention to the issue of environmental beauty is felt much more (Mohazzab Tollab et al. 2018). A significant part of urban development is related to the beautification of the city's day and night landscape. Landscape has a great impact on the quality of life and aesthetic considerations are important for it (Feridonzadeh and Keshavarz, 2023). Methodology At first, in order to obtain the aesthetic indicators, a semi-structured interview was conducted with experts, and the structural analysis method was used in the analysis of the obtained data, and the texts obtained from the interviews were word by word and line by line. It was checked and the relationship between the codes in them was discovered, then these texts were entered into the Atlas TI software and the desired quotations and codings were done and the relationship between the extracted codes was defined through the tools in the software. Finally, these connections were extracted from the software in the form of a final model, and finally 36 indicators were obtained in this regard. Then, in the second interview, by forming the actor-target matrix, the experts were asked to rate each of the indicators from -4 to 4, where the number 0 indicates no opinion, the number 4 indicates the highest score, and the number -4 indicates the lowest score. After collecting the given answers, the points assigned to each of the indicators were averaged by experts with a specialized field and entered into the actor-target matrix of Mector software. This process was done for all six participating specialties (city planners, urban planners, landscape architects, green space engineers, psychologists and art experts) in the research until the final actor-goal matrix was completely completed. Next, the necessary analyzes were performed on the obtained matrix in Mactor software and the final results were obtained. Results and discussion In total, it can be stated that the indicators of attention to parks and green spaces, color diversity and balance, order and harmony in design, use of water in the urban landscape, attention to the size of spaces in design, proper lighting and attention to people The centrality of urban landscapes has received the most repetition from experts, and the index of using renewable energy shows the least number of repetitions. The results in the importance and convergence (pure distance) of urban landscape aesthetic indices are significantly similar to other sections, which shows the consistency of the results and their reliability. In the following, we can point out the convergence between art experts and green space engineers, who have had the most convergence, and due to the alignment and alignment of these two specialties in relation to the recognition of environmental aesthetic characteristics, the result obtained can be a valid result. He assumed trust. In the review of related sources, it was found that there is no research in line with the present research, in which the analysis and identification of the indicators of urban landscape aesthetics are fully and accurately paid to cover all aspects of urban landscape aesthetics. Therefore, it can be said that the innovation of the present research is the identification and prioritization of the aesthetic indicators of the urban landscape in order to properly plan and design these spaces and places. The indicators of the present research extract the dimensions needed by experts for planning and design using the qualitative research method and appropriate to the topic and present it for the first time in the form of an article. Conclusion Urban landscapes are considered as one of the most important urban spaces, and the process of planning and designing these spaces should be given the attention of experts. These spaces can play a significant role in beautifying urban environments. Therefore, in this regard, the current research was conducted to analyze and identify the aesthetic indicators of the urban landscape and it was determined that the indicators of attention to parks and green spaces, color diversity and balance, order and harmony in design, water use in the urban landscape attention to the size of the spaces in the design, proper lighting and attention to the human-centeredness of the most frequent urban landscapes, indicators of attention to parks and green spaces, the most important indicators of attention to parks and green spaces, color diversity and balance, appropriate lighting and Paying attention to the human-centeredness of urban landscapes are the most converging indicators and it means that the mentioned indicators should be prioritized in the planning of experts. مناظر شهری از مهم ترین فضاهای شهری محسوب می شوند و می توانند در زیباسازی محیط های شهری و افزایش جذب شهروندان به فضاهای مذکور نقش مهمی را ایفا نمایند .بر همین اساس هدف از تحقیق حاضر واکاوی و بازشناسایی شاخص های زیبایی شناسی منظر شهری می باشد. در راستای دستیابی به هدف تحقیق از منابع کتابخانه ای به جهت نگارش مقدمه و مصاحبه نیمه ساختاریافته از متخصصین امر در دو مرحله برای دستیابی به شاخص ها بهره گرفته شد که جامعه آماری از 21 متخصص تشکیل گردید. در مصاحبه اول شاخص ها به دست آمد سپس در مصاحبه دوم با تشکیل ماتریس بازیگر-هدف اهمیت شاخص ها مشخص شد. در ادامه داده های به دست آمده در نرم افزارهای مکتور و اطلس تی آی وارد گردیده و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد شاخص های توجه به پارک ها و فضاهای سبز، تنوع و توازن رنگ، نورپردازی مناسب و توجه به انسان محور بودن مناظر شهری با اهمیت ترین و شاخص استفاده از انرژی های تجدیدپذیر کم اهمیت ترین شاخص در زیبایی شناسی منظر شهری می باشد. به طور کلی می توان بیان نمود که برنامه ریزان و طراحان شهری باید به شاخص های مطرح شده در تحقیق حاضر و بر اساس اولویت بندی به ویژه شاخص انسان محور نمودن مناظر شهری برای برنامه ریزی و طراحی منظر شهری جذاب و زیبا توجه ویژه داشته باشند تا با ایجاد منظر شهری مطلوب بتوانند رضایت شهروندان را کسب نمایند و محیط و منظر دلنشین و آرامش بخشی را برای افراد جامعه آماده کنند.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_717745_406e109e354416b21c97e735e0924f40.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 22 82 2024 11 21 Hydropolitics of the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin and its Environmental Consequences for Neighboring Countries هیدروپلیتیک حوضه آبریز دجله و فرات و پیامدهای زیست محیطی آن برای کشورهای ذینفع 165 181 718857 10.22034/iga.2024.2047719.1360 FA حسن کامران استاد گروه جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-3068-2511 سلمان انصاری زاده دانش آموخته جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2024 09 08 Extended Abstract Introduction Future generations face the threat of water scarcity and the depletion of aquifers, rivers, and other water resources, as well as the decline of fisheries and fisheries. Six types of environmental change can lead to conflict and conflict between political and identity groups: climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions, ozone layer depletion, degradation and loss of fertile agricultural land, deforestation, reduction and pollution of freshwater resources, and decline in fishing due to the depletion of fisheries. Environmental change, population growth, and the unequal social distribution of resources are the main factors contributing to the scarcity of renewable resources. The term environmental change refers to the reduction in the quality or quantity of renewable resources caused by human activities, which usually occurs faster than they can be replenished by natural processes. Environmental change is only one of three major factors contributing to the scarcity of renewable resources. The second factor is the growing population, which reduces access to a resource by dividing it among more people. The third factor is the unequal social distribution of resources, which makes resources available to more people. Therefore, environmental problems arising from the water scarcity crisis in its various dimensions, especially the provision of fresh water for human consumption, are among the most important components affecting the national security of countries. In today's world, security issues, in addition to traditional concepts such as military power and deterrence, include new issues such as global warming, water scarcity crisis, air pollution, soil erosion, desertification, and dust and fine dust. Due to the widespread and harmful effects of weakening natural ecosystems and destroying environmental elements on the present and future life of humans, environmental issues have been at the forefront of domestic and foreign policies of countries and international forums. According to studies, 48 countries will face water shortages by 2025. According to forecasts, the only factor that causes natural population growth, without considering the role of other influential factors, will cause all countries in the Middle East and North Africa to face a per capita shortage of fresh water within the next two decades. Water is considered a strategic resource and a geopolitical issue in West Asia. The Tigris and Euphrates are the most controversial watersheds in this region. The main tributaries of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers originate in Turkey. 12% of the Tigris basin is located in Turkey, 0.2% in Syria, 54% in Iraq, and 34% in Iran. 28% of the Euphrates basin is located in Turkey, 17% in Syria, and 40% in Iraq. After the fall of the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century, three new countries, Turkey, Syria, and Iraq, were created as riparian states of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the hydro political efforts of the riparian states to increasingly dominate the shared but limited water resources of this basin caused numerous political and security challenges and tensions in this important watershed. The large-scale irrigation projects initiated by the riparian states of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the 1960s were considered a threat to the national security of other riparian states, and they tried to stop these efforts through various means. For example, the tension between Iraq and Syria in 1975 over Syria's exploitation of the Al- Thawreh Dam and the reduction in the flow of the Euphrates River escalated to the point of full-scale war, with Iraq threatening Syria with bombing the Al-Thawreh Dam. This dispute led the two countries to deploy border forces on the borders of the two countries, which was eventually resolved through mediation by Saudi Arabia and the former Soviet Union. Countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates have faced a shortage of water resources, especially freshwater, insufficient rainfall and its unbalanced distribution, successive droughts, a shortage of environmental resources, weakened ecosystems, and a destroyed environment due to Turkey's indiscriminate dam construction on the aforementioned rivers. Therefore, in recent years, the issue of water has transformed the foreign policy of countries affected by the Tigris and Euphrates. Methodology The research method in this study is analytical-descriptive. To collect data, library methods (text reading and receipts, statistics reading and using tables, images reading and using maps and documents) were used. Results and Discussion: In 1992, the Turkish government opened the Ataturk Dam on the Euphrates River, which has a capacity equivalent to 650 dams in Iran. It caused the formation of fine dust in western Iran and intensified desertification in Iraq. Now, the Turkish government has also built the Iliso Dam on the Tigris River, preventing 56 percent of the Tigris water resources from entering Iraq. The construction of the Iliso Dam by Turkey, which has a capacity equivalent to three times the largest dam in Iran, Karkheh, will prevent the entry of all 41 percent of the water volume that used to flow from Turkish territory into the Tigris, and will intensify processes such as desertification and drought in Iraq. Thus, Southwest Asia, and especially western Iran, is in a situation where, with the Iliso Dam on the Tigris, incidents such as fine dust will occur, and the Iranian environment will witness increasing unrest. What is more worrying is that by preventing the Turkish government from the entry of Euphrates water into Iraq and ultimately the country's wetlands, an environmental disaster will form and continue in southwestern Iran, and the wetland, which was once a place for fishing and a natural air cooling system, will gradually lose its functions. The possible consequences of increasing environmental problems will lead to increased migration, increased unemployment, destruction of agricultural and livestock environments, reduced development, reduced health, and all kinds of problems in various fields, which will increase the costs of the Iranian government and widespread protests by citizens of these regions against the policies of the central government and its possible consequences, which in turn will affect the dimensions of the environmental security of the Islamic Republic. Conclusion: The policy of increasing regional power has led Ankara to seek water resources with the aim of implementing a strategy of hydro-hegemony so that it can impose its desired changes on the behavior of its neighbors and ultimately regional issues in politically sensitive times. Hydro-hegemony is part of the puzzle of Turkey's regional hegemony, along with plans such as becoming an energy transmission hub, a technical production hub, and a major regional exchange center, so that Ankara can rely on it to change the future patterns of regional macro-issues against the main regional power, Iran. Therefore, Turkey, by controlling transboundary waters at the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates, along with electricity generation and agricultural development, is pursuing geopolitical goals based on hydro-hegemony against the countries of Syria, Iraq, and Iran. Given the scarcity of fossil fuels, especially oil and gas, Turkey has faced many social and economic problems due to its maximum use of the Tigris and Euphrates water resources and its hydro political position over the past decades by limiting the amount of water entering these rivers into Iraq and Syria, and has had serious political, security and environmental impacts on the regional relations of the states in the basins of the aforementioned rivers. Thus, Turkey's hydro hegemonic strategy is to build a geopolitical power in West Asia for countries such as Syria, Iraq and Iran in order to involve these countries in the issue of security and water shortages and for Turkey to become the leading geopolitical power in the region. بحران های زیست محیطی صرف نظر از اینکه در کدام کشور رخ می دهند بحرانی جهانی محسوب می شوند و به راحتی از مرزهای جغرافیایی عبور می کنند. بنابراین مسائل و مشکلات زیست محیطی جمهوری اسلامی ایران در پیوند و ارتباط مستقیم با کشورهای همسایه می باشد. بر اساس اهمیت این مسئله، پژوهش حاضر با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و استفاده از منابع کتابخانه ای در تلاش برای مطالعه شناخت پیامدهای زیست محیطی کشورهای ذینفع و بخصوص کشور جمهوری اسلامی ایران از تحولات دجله و فرات در چند دهه گذشته می باشد. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد، دجله و فرات بر محیط زیست، اقتصاد، فرهنگ، سیاست و امنیت کشورهای ترکیه عراق، سوریه، ایران، اردن عربستان کویت و اکثر کشورهای حوزه خلیج فارس تاثیرگذار هستند. مسدودسازی جریان طبیعی رودهای بین المللی دجله و فرات مخاطرات زیست محیطی، زیان های اقتصادی، آسیب های فرهنگی - اجتماعی و معضلات سیاسی - امنیتی گسترده ای بر منطقه و کشورهای تاثیر پذیر وارد ساخته است. در پی خشک شدن تالاب های منطقه میان رودان (بین النهرین) به خصوص خشک شدن بخش های وسیعی از بزرگترین و با ارزش ترین اکوسیستم طبیعی خاورمیانه (تالاب هور العظیم)، سلامت انسانی به خطر افتاده است. این تالاب در دو دهه اخیر به بزرگترین کانون شکل گیری و انتقال گرد و غبار و ریزگرد تبدیل شده است. تضعیف اکوسیستم های طبیعی منطقه به دلیل گسترده بودن پیامدهای آن در ابعاد مختلف امنیت ملی کشورهای تاثیر پذیر از رودهای دجله و فرات به خصوص عراق سوریه و ایران را تا حدی قابل توجه به خطر انداخته است. پروژه گاپ و سد ایلیسو به افزایش بیماری، بیکاری، ناامنی، گسترش فقر و آسیب های فرهنگی اجتماعی ناشی از مهاجرت منجر شده و منطقه و کشورهای تاثیر پذیر را با بحران های فزاینده مواجه ساخته است.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_718857_89caae5c8238e498d0fe694f5a35496d.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 22 82 2024 11 21 Synoptic Analysis of Dry Days in the Cold Season in Khuzestan Province تحلیل همدید روزهای خشک دوره سرد سال استان خوزستان 183 200 718012 10.22034/iga.2024.2038326.1326 FA قربان جعفری گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده جغرافیا و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، ایران. 0009-0000-3806-5254 عبدالرضا کاشکی گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده جغرافیا و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، ایران. 0000-0002-8888-1097 Journal Article 2024 08 13 Extended Abstract Introduction One of the primary climatic problems in arid and semi-arid areas is drought, which has a big effect on ecosystems, agriculture, and water supplies. The fall and winter droughts are especially significant in the province of Khuzestan. This study uses the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) to quantify the intensity and length of droughts in Khuzestan through both regional and synoptic analysis. According to research, the length of the drought varies from 7 to 12 years in different stations of this province, with shorter return periods in the eastern parts resulting in more severe droughts. Numerous research have examined drought in various regions of the world using the SPI index. According to a synoptic analysis, Siberian and subtropical high-pressure systems are two of the main causes of Khuzestan's ongoing droughts. Furthermore, according to some research, the absence of moisture transfer from important sources like the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea has made the drought in this area worse . Methodology For this study, daily rainfall data from 11 sites in Khuzestan Province for a 29-year period (1995–2023) were provided by the national meteorological organization. The data were first organized in Excel and then analyzed using the SPI index. This tool makes analyzing long-term trends in precipitation easier. In the United States, upper-atmospheric data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) were analyzed using sea-level pressure, vertical air velocity, geopotential height data at the 500 hPa level, and other relevant factors. The data were analyzed using ArcGIS and GRADS software to identify and investigate the effective synoptic patterns associated with droughts throughout the cold season. Results and Discussion The results of this study show a direct correlation between certain synoptic patterns and cold-season droughts in Khuzestan Province. The depth of the western wind trough, the direction and speed of these winds, the existence of the Siberian and subtropical highs, and blocking events are some of the recognized atmospheric patterns. There is less precipitation and more dry days as a result of these patterns' ability to stabilize the weather and keep systems that bring rain from entering the area. These results can be useful in developing management plans to lessen the effects of drought and as indicators for anticipating droughts in this area. Conclusion One major climatic issue that has a big effect on economies, ecosystems, and communities is drought. Khuzestan Province experiences drought conditions on a regular basis because of its distinct climatic features. Meteorological data analyzed between 1995 and 2023 shows the occurrence of severe droughts, including the ones that happened in 2010. The Arabian high, the Siberian high, the subtropical high, wind flow, and the absence of westerly winds all play a significant role in reducing precipitation and increasing the number of dry days in the region, according to the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and geographic and spatial data. The study's findings are in line with earlier studies, like that of Masoudi et al. (2019), with the exception that this research employs upper-atmospheric models and daily precipitation data to identify synoptic patterns as markers for drought prediction. To minimize negative effects and maximize the utilization of available water resources, management plans and drought mitigation techniques must take these trends into account. خشکسالی یک پدیده محیطی تکرارشونده در اقلیم‌های مختلف است و اثرات آن صرفاً به محیط‌های خشک و نیمه‌خشک محدود نمی‌شود بلکه رخداد این پدیده در ارتباط با تکرار سیستم‌های همدیدی و تیپ‌های هوا می‌باشد. از این رو، مطالعه و شناسایی الگوهای گردشی جوی پدیده مذکور برای درک وقوع خشکسالی‌های استان خوزستان ضرورتی اجتناب‌ناپذیر است.در این پژوهش از داده‌های روزانه ایستگاهی و داده‌های بازکاوی جو بالا (2.5×2.5 درجه قوسی) شامل ارتفاع ژئوپتانسیل، فشار سطح دریا ، تاوایی و سرعت قائم هوا در جو (امگا) از مرکز ملی مطالعات اقیانوس و جو ایالات متحده آمریکا (NOAA) استفاده شد. داده‌های بارش 11 ایستگاه استان خوزستان طی 29 سال (1995-2023) از سازمان هواشناسی کشور اخذ گردید. با شاخص SPI، روزهای خشک پاییز و زمستان مشخص و سال 2010 به‌عنوان سال با بیشترین روزهای خشک انتخاب شد. این سال در ArcGIS پهنه‌بندی و با روش سلسله‌مراتبی به چهار طبقه خوشه‌بندی شد. نقشه‌های همدید برای تحلیل همدیدی در نرم‌افزار GRADS تهیه گردید. نتایج تحلیل‌های همدیدی نشان داد که وضعیت عمق ناوه بادهای غربی، محل استقرار و وزش مداری این بادها، به همراه زبانه پرفشار جنب ‌حاره، پرفشار سیبری و پدیده‌های بلوکینگ از مهم‌ترین عوامل جوی مؤثر بر وقوع خشکسالی در استان خوزستان هستند. این عوامل با ایجاد شرایط پایدار و جلوگیری از ورود سیستم‌های باران‌زا به منطقه، باعث کاهش بارندگی و افزایش تعداد روزهای خشک در این استان شده‌اند.این تحقیق با تمرکز بر تحلیل داده‌های روزانه بارش و مدل‌های جو بالا، الگوهای همدیدی خاصی را که با خشکسالی‌های فصول سرد استان خوزستان مرتبط هستند، شناسایی کرده است. این الگوها به عنوان شاخص‌های پیش‌بینی خشکسالی در این منطقه معرفی شده‌اند، برنامه‌ریزی‌های مدیریتی و راهبردهای کاهش تأثیرات خشکسالی باید با در نظر گرفتن این الگوهای همدیدی تدوین شوند. این یافته‌ها به مدیریت بهینه منابع آب و پایش دقیق‌تر جوی و اقلیمی کمک می‌کنند.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_718012_c654661caf5ab6da98742d040413815b.pdf