انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 23 84 2025 05 22 Pathology of sustainable spatial-physical development management in the southern part of Tehran metropolis آسیب شناسی مدیریت توسعه فضائی – کالبدی پایدار حریم جنوب کلان شهر تهران 1 19 722475 10.22034/jiga.2025.2046652.1353 FA مصدق خورشیدی نسب دانشجوی دکترای جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، پردیس کیش دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0009-0000-4551-0977 سید عباس رجائی دانشیار گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه ریزی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-6113-2811 حسین منصوریان دانشیارگروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه ریزی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0000-0003-2519-0907 کرامت اله زیاری استاد گروه جغرافیای انسانی و برنامه ریزی، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0000-0001-9135-4768 Journal Article 2024 11 24 Extended Abstract Introduction The peripheral areas of cities are seriously affected by urban activities, and rapid urban population growth has resulted in urban reserve lands, farms, and surrounding gardens being converted into informal residential, industrial, service areas, and similar developments. Therefore, future urban growth and expansion - whether in terms of passages, land use, location of major urban facilities, or the establishment and implementation of proper methods for managing service affairs and service delivery to all residential areas - requires precise planning and implementation by urban managers in physical urban development. Controlling and directing physical urban expansion is also considered among urban management responsibilities (Smol et al., 2020: 692). The policies and decisions of urban management institutions regarding land allocation and construction regulations are not without influence on urban expansion. In this regard, the development and presentation of urban planning and construction regulations for construction, acceptance of building plans, issuance of building permits, provision of basic urban infrastructure, housing provision and urban services (traffic, security, etc.), methods of urban land utilization, land price control, land and building taxation, determination of land use and building according to issued construction permits, issuance of supervision permits for supervising engineers, construction supervision, density sales, implementation of mass construction projects, and land subdivision methods are important in physical urban expansion. Therefore, a significant portion of cities' problems and challenges stem from the lack of sustainable management and proper planning of urban buffer zones (George et al., 2021: 1010). Spatial inequalities and polar development in Iran have caused population migration from villages to city peripheries, and the inefficiency of urban laws has pushed vulnerable groups to urban buffer zones (Sheikhi and Shabestari, 2018: 19). Urban buffer zones represent an opportunity, but if managed and preserved without a comprehensive plan, they will become threats. In other words, the buffer zone is an inseparable space between the outer city line and urban areas, and achieving a sustainable urban environment requires establishing a fair balance between city rights and its buffer zone (Nedaei Tousi, 2021: 60). An examination of various countries' experiences demonstrates that cities require peripheral and surrounding lands for their continued existence. In developed countries, this need has been managed and organized optimally with necessary preservation and protection, such that the potential of urban buffer zones is typically utilized for purposes like beneficial public use and the creation of green spaces, sports facilities, and recreational areas (Mihalic, 2020: 84). Metropolitan regions have gradually emerged as economic, social, and physical-spatial phenomena in the country's settlement and territorial system over the past few decades. Currently, a significant portion of the country's population and activities are situated in the central city and surrounding areas and settlements, including within the spatial extent of the central city's buffer zone and other settlements located in metropolitan regions (Parishan et al., 2023: 84). Attention to, supervision of, and monitoring of metropolitan buffer zones like Tehran's can have a significant impact on achieving sustainable development and resolving urban and citizen problems while addressing the management challenges and development needs of each Tehran metropolitan region (Sarvar Rahim, 2019: 132). Therefore, awareness of the precise status of urban buffer zones beyond urban areas, examining changes, and controlling and monitoring urban buffer zones are essential requirements of urban protection management. Due to the lack of definitive boundaries, buffer zones, and serious control in the Tehran Metropolitan Area, overlapping and multiple responsibilities and parallel operations have led to encroachment and destruction of lands and unregulated construction, even by national and military institutions. This has resulted in the extensive destruction of landscapes and sustainable environmental potential and the creation of informal and unregulated settlements in the city's periphery, which, in addition to physical challenges, pose other serious spatial challenges, such as economic and social issues with influential parameters including unemployment, poverty, high population growth, and other vulnerabilities threatening this city.Therefore, it is necessary to seriously prevent the unregulated expansion and development of such detailed problems in the urban buffer zone through precise and appropriate planning. If negligence and oversight occur, the progression and increasing growth of challenges will result in the destruction of Tehran Metropolitan Area's buffer zone and the loss of respiratory capacity and urban reserve lands for the city's future sustainable development, with the consequences of buffer zone problems and issues seriously affecting Tehran Metropolitan Area's legal boundary as well.Tehran Metropolitan Area's buffer zone faces various challenges that are significantly more extensive than the problems within its boundaries, including encroachment on environmental capabilities, destruction of suitable agricultural lands, land and mountain grabbing, reduction of appropriate spaces, and expansion of informal and unregulated settlements, aggressive occupations, encroachment on service and urban reserve lands, issuance of case-by-case unregulated permits with isolated, profit-seeking, and commercial perspectives and daily income generation. These challenges cannot be ignored even for a moment. Accordingly, examining and understanding the upcoming challenges and providing necessary strategies to address existing problems and issues in the Tehran Metropolitan Area's southern buffer zone is of high necessity and importance.Planning and management of urban buffer zones is a subject that has always been challenging and tension-generating in relationships between different governmental levels for various economic, political, and social reasons. Given the importance of the aforementioned issues, this research has focused on presenting a strategic pattern for sustainable management of the Tehran Metropolitan Area's buffer zone. Methodology The dominant approach in this research is developmental-applied, and the research method is descriptive, analytical, and survey-based. Required research information was collected through documentary, library, survey methods, and interviews with citizens and experts. The statistical population of the research includes 20 experts and specialists. In this research, the Fuzzy Delphi method was used to identify indicators. Subsequently, the area's strengths and weaknesses (internal strategic factors) and opportunities and threats (external strategic factors) were examined using the SWOT technique. In this section, the strategy matrix, which is based on comparing internal factors (weaknesses and strengths) and external factors (opportunities and threats) for the development of Tehran Metropolitan Area's southern buffer zone, was drawn in four types of strategies: aggressive (SO), contingency (ST), adaptive (WO), and defensive (WT), and strategies were formulated. Aggressive strategies indicate the most favorable situation and movement from any position in the SWOT matrix to an ideal situation, through which all positive points, advantages, and competencies can be used to maximize positions and opportunities. Within these strategies, strengths can be used to exploit external opportunities and maximize their utilization. Results and Discussion In this research, initially from among 26 identified factors, five factors - population growth and migration, urban policies and regulations, infrastructure, and public services, land use and urban planning, and environment and natural resources - were selected with expert assistance as factors for the strategic pattern of sustainable buffer zone management. Then, the factors in the strategic pattern of sustainable buffer zone management were prioritized using the fuzzy technique. Ranking results also showed that the land use and urban planning index has the closest proximity to the positive ideal solution, followed by population growth and migration in second place, infrastructure and public services in third place, and urban policies and regulations in last place. Conclusion Therefore, it can be claimed that this research's proposed model leads to a meaningful ranking of options, thus allowing relevant institutions to select higher-priority options for executive projects based on their degree of importance and prioritization. The model presented in this research has an appropriate systematization with defined stages and known inputs. This characteristic removes confusion for the employer, contractors, and relevant institutions regarding its implementation and provides assurance of appropriate output after work execution. Additionally, Fuzzy Delphi has enabled consideration of real and natural conditions governing the identification of factors affecting the strategic pattern of sustainable buffer zone management for application in facing destructive elements of the strategic pattern of sustainable buffer zone management, primarily characterized by uncertainty and ambiguity. This leads to more appropriate decisions that are closer to reality. It is recommended that factors affecting the strategic pattern of sustainable buffer zone management be reviewed at specific time intervals so that new indicators can be added, existing indicators can be improved, and old ones that are no longer applicable can be removed. Techniques such as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), VIKOR, LINMAP, etc., should be used for this purpose in similar research. These techniques can be applied in fuzzy or logical environments. در میان کشورهای درحال توسعه، ایران از رشد شهرنشینی نسبتاً بالایی برخوردار بوده و یکی از اساسی‌ترین الزامات توسعه شهرنشینی تأثیر آن بر حاشیه و حریم شهرها می‌باشد. با توجه به افزایش جمعیت و تأثیر آن بر تحولات کالبدی شهر و اراضی پیرامون آن و فقدان راهبردهای مدیریتی، حریم شهرها را به محلی با مشکلات و معضلات پیچیده تبدیل نموده است که اگر مدیریت مؤثر، منسجم، جامع و یکپارچه‌ای در حریم و پیرامون شهرها ایجاد نگردد، دیری نخواهد پایید که فضاهای ذخیره و با ارزش حریم شهرها به صورت مغشوش و نامتجانس از بین خواهند رفت. پژوهش حاضر با هدف آسیب شناسی مدیریت توسعه فضائی – کالبدی پایدار حریم جنوب کلان شهر تهران به روش توصیفی - تحلیلی تدوین شده و برای تجزیه وتحلیل داده‌ها از تکنیک SWOT و دلفی فازی استفاده شده است. با استفاده از نظرات کارشناسان و خبرگان مهم‌ترین نقاط ضعف، قوت، فرص تها و تهدیدهای پیش روی مدیریت توسعه فضائی– کالبدی حریم جنوب کلان شهر تهران استخراج شدند. نتایج تحقیق پنج عامل رشد جمعیت و مهاجرت، سیاست‌ها و قوانین شهری، زیرساخت‌ها و خدمات عمومی، کاربری زمین و برنامه‌ریزی شهری و محیط‌زیست و منابع طبیعی به عنوان عوامل الگوی راهبردی مدیریت پایدار حریم شهر را معرفی کرده است. در بخش رنبه‌بندی نیز نشان داده شد که شاخص کاربری زمین و برنامه‌ریزی شهری بیشترین نزدیکی را به جواب ایده آل مثبت و بیشترین فاصله را از جواب ایده آل منفی دارا می باشد و الویت نخست الگوی راهبردی مدیریت پایدار حریم شهر از لحاظ معیارهای موردنظر برای تاب آوری الگوی راهبردی مدیریت پایدار حریم شهر می باشد.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_722475_93b4caea41860a45a7ebe38e16f560f4.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 23 84 2025 05 22 Forecasting the Occurrence of Dust Storms using the Accuracy Assessment of Artificial Neural Networks in Selected Stations in the Western Half of Iran پیش‌بینی وقوع طوفان‌های گرد و غبار با استفاده از ارزیابی دقت شبکه‌های عصبی مصنوعی در ایستگاه‌های منتخب نیمه غربی ایران 21 39 722476 10.22034/jiga.2025.2046840.1356 FA فاطمه وطن پرست قلعه‌جوق دانشجوی دکتری آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0002-8873-4660 برومند صلاحی استاد آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0003-4826-6185 بتول زینالی استاد آب و هواشناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0003-4244-4008 Journal Article 2024 11 27 Extended Abstract Introduction Dust is a characteristic of dry areas or any area that is located near the source of dust generation and benefits from its consequences by being located in the path of dust systems. Dust storms are one of the natural hazards that can have adverse effects on human health, agriculture and the environment. Iran is one of the arid regions of the world that is affected by severe dust storm events. The primary source of dust storms in western Iran often originates from Iraq, Syria and Saudi Arabia Methodology In this study, hourly dust data (horizontal visibility and current weather codes), average temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind speed and direction data for 1987-2023 were used. Clustering was performed using the (FCM) method. In order to accurately predict future dust storms, RBF, MLP, ANFIS, and SVR neural network models were used, and to select the appropriate model, the accuracy criteria of Mean Square Error (MSE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and correlation coefficient (R) were used. After selecting the appropriate model, the forecast of changes in dusty days for the coming years (2024-2040) was made and the output data was zoned. Results and Discussion Analysis based on the FCM method showed that the critical situation cluster includes Abadan and Ahvaz stations. The results of the evaluation and testing indicators of models for dust prediction showed that the best performance for dust estimation based on less error and more correlation is the RBF neural network model. The results of simulation of the observed and predicted values of dust storms of the studied stations for the test data by RBF showed that the curves of the observed and predicted values are close to each other; therefore, this model was able to model and predict days with dust storms with acceptable accuracy using the input variables. The forecast of dust conditions in the years 2024-2040 showed the highest dust frequency for Abadan, Ahvaz and Masjed-e-Suleiman stations, which are equal to 204, 185 and 144 days, respectively. Conclusion Paying attention to the dangers of dust storms, identifying the areas affected by them, and realistically predicting them will improve the quality of life and increase human health, and can be effective in environmental planning and optimal and desirable protection of natural resources. The results of this study showed that artificial neural network methods have higher superiority and accuracy and can extract hidden relationships between inputs and outputs. امروزه پدیده گرد و غبار در شمار مهم‌ترین مخاطرات طبیعی قرار گرفته و اثرات نامطلوبی بر سلامتی انسان، کشاورزی و محیط‌زیست برجای گذاشته است. هدف پژوهش حاضر پیش‌بینی فراوانی طوفان‌های گرد و غبار در ۱۷ ایستگاه منتخب نیمه غربی ایران است. بدین منظور، برای محاسبه فراوانی از کدهای گرد و غبار و دید افقی کمتر از ۱ کیلومتر دوره آماری ۲۰۲۳-۱۹۸۷ استفاده شد. سپس شبکه‌های عصبی توابع پایه شعاعی (RBF)، پرسپترون چندلایه (MLP)، سیستم استنتاج عصبی -فازی (ANFIS) و رگرسیون بردار پشتیبان (SVR) جهت پیش‌بینی گرد و غبار انتخاب شد. داده‌های رطوبت، دما، بارش، سرعت و جهت باد به‌عنوان داده‌های ورودی و داده روزهای توأم با گرد و غبار به‌عنوان هدف، در مدل‌سازی‌ها‌ به کار گرفته شد. داده‌ها به دو گروه تقسیم شدند. از ۸۰ درصد داده‌ها برای آموزش و از ۲۰ درصد دیگر برای آزمون شبکه استفاده شد. نتایج مقایسه مدل‌های مورد استفاده نشان داد که بر اساس نتایج حاصل از مدل RBF، بیشترین مقدار ضریب همبستگی در ایستگاه‌های کرمانشاه، رامهرمز و اسلام‌آبادغرب به ترتیب برابر با ۹۹/۰، ۹۷/۰ و ۹۵/۰ بوده است. در مجموع، این مدل به دلیل خطای کمتر و همبستگی بیشتر در ایستگاه‌ها بهترین عملکرد را ارائه نموده است؛ بنابراین به دلیل داشتن توانایی بالا، می‌تواند یک راهکار سریع در پیش‌بینی مقدار گرد و غبار و پراکنش آن باشد. نتایج خروجی مدل RBF برای پیش‌بینی گرد و غبار در آینده (۲۰۴۰-۲۰۲۴) نشان داد احتمال رخداد طوفان‌های گرد و غبار در آبادان و اهواز بیشتر بوده و همانند دوره مشاهداتی، الیگودرز را می‌توان جزو ایستگاه کم‌باد منطقه به‌ حساب آورد.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_722476_341a8c110f27011183bec3f10ecd1d35.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 23 84 2025 05 22 Measuring the impact of individual, interpersonal, and structural factors on the use of urban parks سنجش تاثیر عوامل فردی، بین فردی و ساختاری در استفاده از پارک های شهری 41 63 721500 10.22034/jiga.2025.2045945.1349 FA حسین نظم فر گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0009-0004-6804-4517 داود وفاداری کمارعلیا گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0001-8084-4227 Journal Article 2024 11 22 Extended Abstract Introduction Urban green spaces are an important part of the socio-ecological landscape in cities and include parks, forests, gardens, walkways and greenways (Taylor & Hochuli, 2017: 26). In 2018, more than half of the world’s population lived in urban areas, and by 2050, two out of three people are expected to live in cities (Zhang etal, 2022: 1). Unfortunately, citizens are not only significantly deprived of the benefits of nature, but are also regularly affected by the adverse effects of rapid and unplanned urbanization (Bowler etal, 2010: 2 ; Evans, 2003: 536). Urban parks are vital assets that have beneficial effects on the physical and mental health of users (Bolitzer & Netusil, 2000: 186; Chiesura, 2004: 130 ; Yigitcanlar etal, 2020: 2). Urban green spaces contribute to human well-being through social interactions and improved mental health (Jennings & Bamkole, 2019: 453; Reyes-Riveros etal, 2021: 1; Taylor & Hochuli, 2015: 748) and provide spaces for recreation and community building. Ecologically, urban green spaces also provide wildlife habitat, reduce storm runoff, mitigate heat island effects, improve air quality, and can provide adaptation mechanisms for climate change (Derkzen etal, 2017: 107). From an environmental perspective, urban green space includes the living part of the physical structure of the city. Therefore, whenever the importance of urban green space in cities that desire to cultivate their culture of development and become developed is properly understood, the logic of design states that there should be a kind of balance between the inanimate and living parts of the physical structure. On the other hand, the creation of green space cannot be planned and designed separately from the needs of the urban community. The most suitable place for the physical and mental renewal of citizens are green and open spaces that are designed and planned to meet these goals (Bahram Soltani, 2019: 147). Methodology After collecting the questionnaires, the data in them was extracted and the frequency of each option in the questions was determined. After this process, the answers given to the available options (I completely agree, I agree, I have no opinion, I disagree, I completely disagree) were assigned points (4, 3, 0, 2, 1) in order. After applying the scoring averaging process, the score for each indicator was determined and compared with the average score (2/5) and the average score of other indicators, and finally, the summary of the aforementioned process was fully presented in the results section (Vafadari Komarolya etal, 2023: 233). In the data analysis related to the interview section, the structural analysis method was used, and the texts obtained from the interviews were examined word by word and line by line, and the relationship between the codes in them was discovered. Then, these texts were entered into the ATLAS.ti software, and the desired quotations and codings were made, and the relationship between the extracted codes was defined through the tools available in the software, and finally, these relationships were extracted from the software as a model. Then, by combining the results of the quantitative research, namely the questionnaire, and the qualitative research, namely the interview, through the integrated mixed research method, in which the value and position of quantitative and qualitative research are the same and are carried out simultaneously, the homogeneity and consistency of the results of these researches were examined, and the overall result was determined by combining the two quantitative and qualitative researches. Results and Discussion In general, based on the combination of quantitative and qualitative research results, it can be stated that raising the level of soft landscape or, in other words, increasing greenery in urban parks can be recognized as the most important approach in attracting more citizens to these places. In today's conditions of cities and their heavy traffic, proximity and easy access to urban places and uses are undeniable conditions, so the accessibility of urban parks with appropriate and optimal location of these places and also preparing appropriate conditions for creating security and safety in different directions in urban parks is very important and key. Also, one of the most important conditions for the desirability of a place depends on the facilities available in it, and accordingly, improving recreational and leisure facilities, furniture, lighting and illumination is effective in increasing the use of urban parks. Based on these materials, the importance of the urban park design index, which can include all the indicators mentioned in the research, is clear and evident that by improving this index, the overall desirability of urban parks in attracting and using them by citizens can be increased. Conclusion In general, it can be said that the accessibility of urban parks through appropriate and optimal location is the main factor for citizens to visit and use urban parks. In general, the indicators expressed in the three individual, interpersonal, and structural sections can be appropriately considered in urban parks through the design index. This point should be taken into account by urban designers and planners so that they consider and use the indicators proposed in the present study in their designs and planning so that urban parks designed in cities have an acceptable number of visitors and users and also attract their satisfaction. مناظر و فضاهای سبز شهری از مهم ترین فضاهای شهری محسوب می شوند، لذا هدف از تحقیق حاضر سنجش میزان اثرگذاری عوامل فردی، بین فردی و ساختاری در مراجعه شهروندان به پارک های شهری است. در همین راستا از منابع کتابخانه ای، پرسشنامه با ۳۸۹ نفر شرکت کننده، در ۳ بخش و ۹ شاخص و مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته با ۲۰ نفر شرکت کننده در ۴ بخش و ۱۹ سوال بهره گرفته شد و در تحلیل پرسشنامه از میانگین امتیازی، در تحلیل مصاحبه از تحلیل ساختاری در نرم افزار کیفی اطلس تی آی و در نهایت برای ترکیب دو تحقیق کمی و کیفی از روش تحقیق ترکیبی بهم تنیده استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد استراحت و آرامش، دسترس پذیر بودن مهم ترین عوامل موثر در مراجعه شهروندان به پارک های شهری می باشند، همچنین افزایش سطح منظر نرم یا سرسبزی پارک های شهری مهم ترین رویکرد جهت افزایش استفاده و بازدید از این اماکن شناخته شد. به طور کلی می توان گفت که دسترس پذیری پارک های شهری به وسیله مکان یابی مناسب و بهینه اصلی ترین عامل برای مراجعه و استفاده از پارک های شهری توسط شهروندان می باشد و در مجموع شاخص های بیان شده در سه بخش فردی، بین فردی و ساختاری به وسیله شاخص طراحی می تواند به طور مناسب در پارک های شهری در نظر گرفته شود که این نکته باید توسط طراحان و برنامه ریزان شهری مورد توجه قرار گیرد تا در طراحی ها و برنامه ریزی های خود شاخص های مطرح شده در تحقیق حاضر را مدنظر داشته باشند و مورد استفاده قرار دهند تا پارک های شهری طراحی شده در سطح شهرها از میزان بازدید کننده و استفاده کننده قابل قبول برخوردار باشند و رضایت آن ها را نیز جلب نمایند.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_721500_92d637e9be3598a734767878220f74a1.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 23 84 2025 05 22 Structural Equation Modeling of Factors Influencing the Formation and Sustainability of Ecotourism Accommodations in Abadan County مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری عوامل مؤثر بر شکل‌گیری و پایداری اقامتگاه‌های بوم گردی شهرستان آبادان 65 87 722478 10.22034/jiga.2025.2049631.1369 FA زهرا سلطانی دانشیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. 0000-0001-5876-0473 مجید گودرزی دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. 0000-0001-7982-8027 سمیه باوی دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران. Journal Article 2025 01 01 Extended Abstract Introduction This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type and nature. The required data were collected using both documentary and field-based methods. The statistical population of this study includes employees and owners of ecotourism accommodations in Abadan County. A convenience sampling method was employed for selecting the sample. Since a complete list of the population was not available, the Cochran formula for an infinite population was used with a 5% margin of error, resulting in a sample size of 400 participants. Data analysis was carried out in two separate but interrelated sections. In the first section, which pertains to the descriptive statistics of the research data, the main variables of the study were described using the most important descriptive statistical indicators, including central tendency, dispersion, and distribution shape. In the second section, dedicated to the inferential statistics and hypothesis testing, which forms the main focus of this chapter, a variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was applied. This approach aids the researcher in treating the main variables in the theoretical model as latent variables, incorporating measurement errors in the estimation of model parameters. Consequently, this results in more accurate and reliable estimates. For performing the computations, SPSS and Smart-PLS software were utilized in this phase of the research. Methodology This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of type and nature. The required data were collected using both documentary and field-based methods. The statistical population of this study includes employees and owners of ecotourism accommodations in Abadan County. A convenience sampling method was employed for selecting the sample. Since a complete list of the population was not available, the Cochran formula for an infinite population was used with a 5% margin of error, resulting in a sample size of 400 participants. Data analysis was carried out in two separate but interrelated sections. In the first section, which pertains to the descriptive statistics of the research data, the main variables of the study were described using the most important descriptive statistical indicators, including central tendency, dispersion, and distribution shape. In the second section, dedicated to the inferential statistics and hypothesis testing, which forms the main focus of this chapter, a variance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was applied. This approach aids the researcher in treating the main variables in the theoretical model as latent variables, incorporating measurement errors in the estimation of model parameters. Consequently, this results in more accurate and reliable estimates. For performing the computations, SPSS and Smart-PLS software were utilized in this phase of the research. Results and Discussion The findings of this study indicate that ecotourism accommodations in Abadan County, due to their rich local and natural capacities, can play a pivotal role in the sustainable development of the region. Data analysis revealed that four main factors-cultural, economic, managerial, and environmental-exert the greatest influence on the formation and sustainability of ecotourism accommodations in this area. These factors not only contribute to the success of accommodations in attracting tourists but also enhance local livelihoods and preserve the region's natural and cultural resources. The cultural richness of Abadan County, including its traditions, local customs, and indigenous architecture (such as traditional Madaifs), is a key strength for the development of ecotourism accommodations. According to the study’s data, tourists visiting the region are particularly interested in experiencing its cultural authenticity and local lifestyle. Therefore, emphasizing cultural identity in the design and management of accommodations can enhance their appeal to tourists and provide a unique experience. The analysis further highlighted that ecotourism accommodations have become a significant source of job creation and sustainable income for local communities. The development of these accommodations has not only reduced rural-to-urban migration but has also increased motivation to preserve the region's natural and cultural resources. However, the results also point to a lack of adequate financial infrastructure and support as one of the main challenges to the economic development of ecotourism accommodations. Addressing this issue requires government support and private sector investment. From a managerial perspective, the study showed that the participation of local communities in managing ecotourism accommodations is one of the most critical factors for their success. The findings suggest that accommodations managed collaboratively, utilizing local knowledge and experience, tend to achieve greater sustainability. Conversely, the lack of necessary training for local communities in tourism management and marketing has been identified as a major weakness in this domain. The analysis also underscored the importance of preserving the region's natural resources and environment as a fundamental prerequisite for sustainable ecotourism development. The results demonstrated that accommodations adhering to environmental principles in their design and operation-such as using local materials and reducing energy consumption-have had a positive impact on attracting tourists. However, increasing tourist pressure and the absence of comprehensive conservation plans pose potential threats to the region's natural resources and biodiversity. Conclusion The research findings indicate an appropriate model fit and the significance of the relationships among the studied variables. Furthermore, the coefficient of determination for the structural model path was calculated as 0.850, highlighting the impact of the formation variable on the development and sustainability of ecotourism. Ultimately, the research model demonstrated a desirable fit in predicting and explaining the relationships between the variables. The research is applied in its purpose and descriptive-analytical in its nature and methodology. The statistical population of the study comprises owners and employees of ecotourism accommodations in Abadan County. Since a complete list of the population was unavailable, the Cochran formula for an infinite population with a 5% margin of error was applied, resulting in a sample size of 400 participants. The primary tool for data collection and measurement of research variables was a researcher-made questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed at a high level using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart-PLS software within the framework of structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings indicate a good fit for the model and significant relationships between the studied variables. Additionally, the coefficient of determination for the structural model path was calculated to be 0.850, demonstrating the impact of the formation variable on the development and sustainability of ecotourism. Ultimately, the research model exhibited a satisfactory fit for predicting and explaining the relationships among the variables. یکی از خدمات گردشگری در سالیان اخیر ایجاد اقامتگاه‌های بوم گردی با استفاده از ظرفیت‌های سنتی موجود در مناطق مختلف کشور هستند. اقامتگاه‌های بوم گردی کسب‌وکارهای کوچک‌مقیاس هستند که طراحی و معماری بومی، مدیریت مشارکتی و خانوادگی و ارائه خدمات و محصولات بومی از اصول آن می‌باشد.بوم گردی یکی از شاخه‌های گردشگری مبتنی بر جاذبه‌های طبیعی است. اقامتگاه‌های بوم گردی بخشی فرصت‌آفرین در کسب‌وکار گردشگری جهان است که به‌سرعت در حال رشد هستند. این پژوهش قصد دارد عوامل مؤثر بر شکل‌گیری و پایداری اقامتگاه‌های بوم گردی را تجزیه‌وتحلیل نماید. پژوهش حاضر ازنظر هدف، کاربردی و ازنظر نوع و ماهیت، توصیفی– تحلیلی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش حاضر را مالکان و شاغلین اقامتگاه‌های بوم گردی شهرستان آبادان تشکیل می‌دهند. در این تحقیق ازآنجاکه فهرست کامل افراد جامعه در دسترس نیست، از فرمول کوکران در حالت حجم نامحدود با سطح خطای 5 درصد استفاده شده است. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران 400 نفر در نظر گرفته شد. ابزار اصلی گردآوری داده‌ها و سنجش متغیرهای پژوهش، پرسشنامه محقق ساخته است. میزان پایایی پرسشنامه با بهره‌گیری از آزمون کرونباخ و پایایی ترکیبی در سطح بالایی تأیید و داده‌ها با بهره‌گیری از نرم‌افزار SPSS و Smart-PLS در قالب روش معادلات ساختاری تحلیل‌شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاکی از برازش مناسب مدل و معناداری روابط بین متغیرهای موردنظر می‌باشد. همچنین، مقدار ضریب تعیین مسیر مدل ساختاری برابر با 850/0 به دست آمد که نشان‌دهنده تأثیر متغیر شکل‌گیری اقامتگاه‌ها بر توسعه و پایداری بوم گردی است. درنهایت، مدل پژوهش ازنظر پیش‌بینی و تبیین روابط میان متغیرها از برازش مطلوبی برخوردار بود.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_722478_441146236443b1d37db377c8f0f7fac9.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 23 84 2025 06 21 The Interrelationship of Politics and Space in the Sustainable Development of Coastal Cities ارتباط متقابل سیاست و فضا در توسعۀ پایدار شهرهای ساحلی 89 103 720319 10.22034/jiga.2025.2049251.1366 FA حسن کامران دستجردی استاد جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-3068-2511 نرجس سادات حسینی نصرآبادی استادیار دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0001-7427-5400 Journal Article 2024 12 28 Extended Abstract Introduction This article specifically focuses on coastal cities and the role of their natural and human geographical conditions in economic development and sustainable development. Finally, it presents suggestions for transforming the potential of these cities in local and national economic growth and development. From a development perspective, the enjoyment of various natural capabilities and the extent to which they benefit from the divine resources and talents and how they are used indicate the status of urban communities in each region. Therefore, determining the levels of enjoyment and development of urban areas and examining the strengths and weaknesses of each region's economic, cultural and political conditions provides the basis for the optimal allocation of resources and facilities for coordinated development. Considering the above, it should be said that coastal cities have their own geography. Geography has brought them conditions and characteristics that are distinct from other cities. In general, the characteristics of these cities have a significant impact on the decisions of urban officials in various political, social, economic and environmental areas. Therefore, the interrelationship of politics and space is effective in the type and extent of urban planning and achieving "sustainable development". Methodology The present research is descriptive-analytical in nature and method and fundamental in type and purpose. The sources and information required for this research are in the form of documents and libraries and have been collected using books, scientific articles and reputable websites (governmental, non-governmental, news agencies, etc.). In order to understand the structures and mutual relationships of development with the role of geography, by extracting information, the effective natural and human characteristics have been first described; and then, according to the nature of the work, the effective components in it have been analyzed and deduced based on qualitative analysis. Also, the research forms have been drawn using Smart Art. Results and Discussion The rate of urban growth and spatial patterns of urban development determine the degree of exposure and vulnerability of a society to extreme events, sea level rise, and other climate-related hazards. Urban development is a dynamic and complex process that is influenced by physical, socio-economic, and political conditions. As such, how urban development impacts future risk is still poorly quantified and understood. Spatio-temporal land cover analysis and projections of future urban land cover can help improve our understanding of these processes. We see a continued increase in urban areas in the coastal zone, leading to increased exposure to beaches, even though the rates and spatial patterns of urban development vary between scenarios. It is anticipated that urban-scale development scenarios will be used in a wide range of climate change-related hazard impact assessments, beyond coastal applications. Indeed, given that 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water, it is not surprising that many beautiful metropolises have been established in proximity to the coast. Whether it is a natural phenomenon or man-made for transportation and boating, these beaches, in addition to adding to the beauty of the cities, are also considered as practical destinations. The moderate climate, sufficient water and fertile land in these cities have attracted a large population. The establishment of natural and human-economic facilities in these places gives them more advantages, and natural advantages have given coastal cities an important economic and military dimension. Therefore, the need to evaluate and monitor the process of developing uses and expanding activities on the coastal edge of cities is becoming more important than ever. In fact, all issues related to beaches directly and indirectly affect the politics, economy, culture and environment of coastal cities. Conclusion Due to their specific geographical location, they have countless opportunities for economic development related to maritime industries. Therefore, considering the resources and potentials available in coastal cities, beaches play an irreplaceable role in the economy and development. These places also have diverse capabilities to attract tourists. Today, the development of tourism is considered one of the important sources of income for urban development. The mutual relations between politics and space in the city are important topics studied by geographers. To study these relations, understanding the conditions of natural geography is very effective and useful. Studies show that city life has always been formed in close connection with the natural environment. The natural environment, along with other factors, has also caused the formation of great civilizations and in some cases has also caused their destruction. The ability to obtain and exchange from different sources, organize, receive and display information in time, analyze various information and provide multifunctional services, are effective tools in environmental planning at the local level and generally at the medium and macro levels. Multi-factor assessments are proposed. Spatial planning includes decision-making techniques and the integration of geographic information systems creates a powerful tool for spatial planning. In today's world, to achieve sustainable development, many methods and ways have been designed and governments are trying to use these methods and development facilities and pay special attention to the capabilities of the land and the exploitation of these capabilities. One of the most important things that is done in these cities, of course, during the past years, has been the creation of unions and organizations that have been very important in the development of this place. تحقیق حاضر از جمله تحقیقات بنیادی- کاربردی با روش توصیفی – تحلیلی است که در صدد بازگو کردن این مطلب می باشد که امروز شهرهای ساحلی با داشتن محیط جغرافیایی ویژه و خاص دارای پتانسیل های بالقوه هستند که با مدیریت و سیاستگذاری های بلند مدت و میان مدت و با استفاده از طرح های ویژه می توانند موجبات رسیدن به توسعه پایدار در مقیاس محلی تا جهانی را فراهم کنند. از جمله شهرهای شمال ایران، در ردۀ این شهرها قرار دارند که در این مقاله به طور خاص بر شهرهای ساحلی و نقش شرایط جغرافیایی طبیعی و انسانی این شهرها در توسعۀ اقتصادی و توسعۀ پایدار اشاره شده است. در پایان به ارائۀ پیشنهادات یرای تبدیل پتانسل های بالقوه این شهرها در افزایش و توسعه اقتصادی محلی و ملی می پردازد. از دیدگاه توسعه، برخـورداری از قابلیـت هـای مختلـف طبیعی و نیـز میـزان بهـره منـدی از امکانـات و اسـتعدادهای خـدادادی و نحـوۀ اسـتفاده از آنهـا نشـان دهندۀ وضعیت جوامع شهری در هر منطقـه اسـت. بنابراین، تعیـین سـطوح برخـورداری و توسـعه نـواحی شهری و بررسی نقاط قوت و ضعف شرایط هر ناحیـه در زمینه های اقتصادی، فرهنگی و سیاسی، زمینـه تخصیص بهینه منابع و امکانات را برای توسـعه هماهنـگ می کند. با توجه به مطالب فوق، باید گفت: شهرهای ساحلی، جغرافیای خاص خود را دارند. جغرافیایی که شرایط و ویژگیهای متمایز با سایر شهرها، را برای آن ها به ارمغان آورده است. به طور کلی، خصوصیات این شهرها در تصمیم گیری های مسئولان شهری در عرصه های مختلف سیاسی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و زیست محیطی تأثیر بسزایی دارد. بنابراین، ارتباط متقابل سیاست و فضا در نوع و میزان برنامه ریزی های شهری و بدست آوردن «توسعه پایدار» اثرگذار است.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_720319_34ef15e88548ee2186e1bfbefe6e49b1.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 23 84 2025 05 22 Assessing the Compatibility of Educational Spaces in Zanjan City with the Activities of Other Urban Land Uses بررسی سازگاری فضاهای آموزشی شهر زنجان با کارکرد سایر کاربری‌های شهری 105 129 722477 10.22034/jiga.2025.2049475.1367 FA حسین طهماسبی مقدم استادیارگروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران. 0000-0002-7753-5762 بهاره اکبری منفرد دانشجوی دکتری گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشکده جغرافیا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0009-0004-2917-8037 Journal Article 2024 12 31 Extended Abstract Introduction Urbanization and rapid population growth have led to increased demand for land, making urban land use planning a critical tool for achieving sustainable and balanced urban development. In this context, the compatibility of educational spaces with other urban land uses plays a vital role in ensuring the quality of educational environments and the overall well-being of students. Inefficient urban development plans often result in incompatible land uses, leading to issues such as noise pollution, environmental degradation, and reduced educational productivity. This study focuses on Zanjan City, a central city in Iran, to assess the compatibility of educational spaces with other urban land uses. The research aims to identify compatible and incompatible educational land uses and evaluate the spatial distribution of these uses. By doing so, it seeks to provide insights into optimizing land use patterns and improving urban management to enhance the quality of educational spaces. Methodology This research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and is applied in terms of its objectives. Data were collected through documentary sources and surveys, with a focus on the urban land use plan of Zanjan City approved in 2022. The study utilized the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to weight the criteria for evaluating land use compatibility. A questionnaire was distributed to 15 experts to gather their opinions on the importance of various criteria. Spatial analysis was conducted using Geographic Information System (GIS) software to assess the compatibility of educational spaces with other land uses. The study considered eight key land use types affecting educational spaces, including proximity to green spaces, cultural institutions, residential areas, sports facilities, religious centers, healthcare facilities, industrial zones, and military installations. The compatibility of each land use was evaluated based on its distance from educational spaces, with different weightings assigned to each criterion. Results and Discussion The findings reveal that more than one-third of educational spaces in Zanjan City are incompatible with other land uses, leading to issues such as land use conflicts, insufficient suitable spaces, and environmental challenges. Specifically, 32% of educational spaces were found to be incompatible, while only 21% exhibited high compatibility with adjacent land uses. The analysis showed that educational spaces located near green spaces, cultural institutions, and residential areas had higher compatibility, while those near industrial zones, healthcare facilities, and military installations were less compatible. The study identified that 58% of the city's area had high to very high compatibility with educational spaces in terms of proximity to green spaces, while only 0.37% of the area was deemed unsuitable. Similarly, 27% of the city's area showed high compatibility with cultural institutions, while 58% had low compatibility. Residential areas exhibited the highest compatibility, with 81% of the city's area being suitable for educational spaces. In contrast, industrial zones and healthcare facilities were found to be largely incompatible, with 27% and 32% of the city's area, respectively, being unsuitable for educational spaces. The spatial analysis also highlighted that the central areas of Zanjan City had lower compatibility due to the concentration of incompatible land uses, while the peripheral areas showed higher compatibility. This uneven distribution underscores the need for more precise urban planning to address the challenges posed by incompatible land uses. Conclusion The study concludes that the compatibility of educational spaces with other urban land uses in Zanjan City is uneven, with a significant portion of educational spaces being incompatible with adjacent land uses. This incompatibility can negatively impact the quality of education and the well-being of students. The findings emphasize the importance of optimizing land use patterns and improving urban management to enhance the compatibility of educational spaces. Recommendations include prioritizing the development of educational spaces near green areas, cultural institutions, and residential zones, while maintaining appropriate distances from industrial zones, healthcare facilities, and military installations. The study also highlights the need for more comprehensive urban planning strategies to address the challenges posed by incompatible land uses and to promote sustainable urban development. By doing so, Zanjan City can improve the quality of its educational environments and contribute to the overall well-being of its residents. ارزیابی سازگاری کاربری‌های آموزشی با کارکرد سایر کاربری‌های شهری می تواند در بهینه‌سازی الگوهای کاربری اراضی و مدیریت شهری کمک کرده و از پیامدهای منفی در شهر جلو گیری کند و در بهبود کیفیت فضاهای آموزشی شهری موثر باشد. از یک طرف، این ارزیابی می‌تواند به توسعه متوازن شهری کمک کرده و از سلامت عمومی محافظت کند، و از طرف دیگر، ترکیب نا هماهنگ کاربری‌ها به دلیل ناکارآمدی طرح‌های توسعه شهری می‌تواند مشکلاتی را ایجاد کند که کیفیت زندگی و آموزشی دانش‌آموزان را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. بنابراین، این پژوهش به دنبال شناسایی کاربری‌های آموزشی سازگار و ناسازگار در شهر زنجان و بررسی مساحت کاربری‌های آموزشی مجاور آنها است. این تحقیق از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش‌شناسی، توصیفی-تحلیلی است. داده‌ها از طریق منابع اسنادی و پیمایشی جمع‌آوری شده و با استفاده از تکنیک‌های کمی AHP و تحلیل فضایی در نرم‌افزار سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته‌اند. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان می‌دهد میزان سازگاری براساس ماتریس مقایسه‌ی زوجی مدل Ahp جهت وزن دهی به معیارها برابر با 0.0264 است و براساس یافته‌های تحقیق می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که بیش از یک سوم فضا های آموزشی با سایر کاربری‌ها ناسازگارند که می‌تواند به مشکلات مختلفی مانند تداخل کاربری‌ها، کمبود فضاهای مناسب یا چالش‌های زیست‌ محیطی منجر شود، در عین حال، درصد کمتری از این فضاها، در حدود 21 درصد، با سایر کاربری‌ها سازگاری زیادی دارند و وضعیت مطلوبی دارند. این توزیع نابرابر نشان‌دهنده نیاز به توجه و برنامه‌ریزی دقیق‌ تر برای بهبود سازگاری فضا های آموزشی با دیگر کاربری‌ها است.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_722477_990e6687f72e7fa0177bfbbab86265e6.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 23 84 2025 05 22 NearShoring and Neighborhood Policy in Network Economy, Lessons from the Experience of Mexican Free Zones نزدیک سپاری و سیاست همسایگی در اقتصاد شبکه‌ای، درس‌هایی از تجربه مناطق آزاد مکزیک 131 151 722826 10.22034/jiga.2025.2050537.1372 FA مرتضی قورچی استادیار جغرافیای سیاسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران. ایران. 0000-0003-1835-5275 معراج جعفری دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیای سیاسی دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. کمیل قیدرلو استادیار فرهنگ و ارتباطات، دانشکده معارف اسلامی، فرهنگ و ارتباطات، دانشگاه امام صادق(ع)، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2025 01 12 Extended Abstract Introduction In the late twentieth century and during the 1980s, the world was in a new situation, relying on information technology, which in addition to emerging from the economic recession, was able to rebuild the relations between the free economy and capitalism and gradually shape economic prosperity in the developed world. This new situation, which was based on the decentralization of large manufacturing industries, relying on information technology and the fragmentation of various production sectors and sending them to other geographical areas of the world, which was created based on economies of scale and supply chain networks, is known as contemporary globalization. Contemporary globalization in the twenty-first century, by improving communication networks and distributing production units, connected the geographical areas of the world more than ever before and led to the development of different parts of the world. In fact, the global economy has transformed from the Fordist-Keynesian economic model to a new situation as the post-Fordist economy. Which is also called the network economy. In fact, the network economy has created new patterns of production and distribution by focusing on communications and interactions between companies and individuals. Therefore, in today's world, with increasing interactions in the field of global trade and increasing advances in technology and the interconnectedness of information technology in the networked world, the global economy has been greatly affected by various factors, including proximity and neighborhood politics. Methodology The present study, while analyzing the nexus and neighborhood policy in the network economy, has tried to consider it as a successful model for the free zones of Iran, especially the Mako Free Zone, and the free zones of Turkey. This has been achieved with a descriptive-analytical approach and using library texts and document analysis. The results of the study are a suitable model for the free zones in the country, especially in relation to the economies of Turkey and Iran, as well as the free zones in both countries. Results and Discussion A significant number of literary tourists are women. Based on the findings of the questionnaire, 63.5% of the interviewees were women and 36.5% were men. According to the findings of the questionnaire, a large population of interviewees, i.e. 40.6% of them, were young people between 21 and 30 years old. Few of these people were over 50 years old. Also, a significant number of literary tourists were people with bachelor's degrees. These people accounted for 40.6% of the interviewees. After this group, there are post-graduates who made up 18.8% of Conclusion The overall conclusion of the study of the experience of Mexican free zones in the field of proximity and neighborhood policy in the network economy shows that regional cooperation and integration of policies and infrastructure can significantly lead to economic growth, reduce trade costs and strengthen value chains. By using incentive policies, developing communication infrastructure and utilizing new technologies, Mexican free zones have been able to facilitate the flow of goods, services and capital and increase cooperation between small and large enterprises. This experience offers valuable lessons for other countries and free zones to improve cross-border cooperation, attract joint investments and achieve sustainable development. Finally, the success of this approach requires coordination of national and regional policies, transparency in management and a focus on reducing economic inequalities. بعد از دهه های هفتاد و هشتاد میلادی با ایجاد تحولات در عرصه فن آوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات و هم چنین با خصوصی سازی بنگاه ها و شرکت ها جهان جدیدی به وجود آمد که به آن اقتصاد جهانی یا اقتصاد شبکه ای می گویند. درواقع اقتصاد شبکه‌ای و نزدیک‌سپاری به عنوان دو عامل کلیدی در شکل‌دهی به مناسبات اقتصادی بین الملل و تجارت میان کشورهای همسایه شناخته می‌شوند. مناطق آزاد تجاری-صنعتی مکزیک، نمونه‌ای از کاربرد این دو مفهوم می‌باشد که در عمل، به دنبال جذب سرمایه‌گذاری خارجی، ایجاد اشتغال و توسعه اقتصادی در منطقه هستند. لذا این پژوهش، به دنبال بررسی نزدیک‌سپاری و سیاست همسایگی در اقتصاد شبکه‌ای، با درس‌هایی از تجربه مناطق آزاد مکزیک با کشورهای همسایه خود، به ویژه ایالات متحده آمریکا است، که می‌تواند الگویی برای مناطق آزاد کشورهای کمتر توسعه یافته در جهان با کشورهای همسایه خود باشد. و با بکار گیری سیاست همسایگی برای مناطق آزاد این کشورها در جهت پیوند خوردن با اقتصاد شبکه‌ای باشد. از این رو مسئله اصلی این پژوهش به دنبال یافتن الگوی مناسبی برای پیوندهای مناطق آزادکشورهای کمتر توسعه یافته با اقتصاد جهانی می باشد. لذا پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد توصیفی- تحلیلی و با استفاده از متون کتابخانه‌ای، تحلیل اسناد و مدارک، نتایج این پژوهش نشان دهنده این است که راهبرد سیاست همسایگی با نزدیک سپاری در مناطق آزاد تجاری-صنعتی الگویی برای سیاست‌گذاران و فعالان اقتصادی می‌باشد که می‌تواند در اکثر کشورهای درحال توسعه جنبه اجرایی داشته باشد. علاوه بر این در جهت بهره‌مندی از مزایای اقتصاد شبکه‌ای و نزدیک‌سپاری در چارچوب سیاست همسایگی به عنوان یک راهبرد، مورد استفاده قرار بگیرد.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_722826_aa6dc7539b1bbf025b3f91eaee97b9f0.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 23 84 2025 05 22 Vulnerability of Iranian tourism villages in terms of Landslide hazard using GIS آسیب پذیری روستاهای گردشگری ایران از لحاظ مخاطره زمین لغزش با استفاده از GIS 153 170 723138 10.22034/jiga.2025.2055364.1385 FA حجت صادقی استادیاردانشکده علوم جغرافیایی و برنامه ریزی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0009-0006-5360-8855 فرهاد جوان استادیار گروه مدیریت جهانگردی، دانشکده میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران. Journal Article 2025 03 08 Extended Abstract Introduction Landslide is one of the most important natural hazards that can have devastating effects on human settlements, especially in rural and tourism areas. Considering the geographical characteristics of Iran and the expansion of tourism villages in Iran, it is essential to identify and analyze the vulnerability of these villages to landslides. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) provides a powerful tool for assessing and managing these risks. The purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the vulnerability of Iran tourism villages to landslide hazard using GIS. The results of this study can provide appropriate solutions for crisis management and increasing the resilience of tourism villages, as well as reducing damage to these villages and prioritizing them in terms of hazard at the macro level. In addition to contributing to the sustainable development of tourism, this research can help planners make optimal decisions to reduce landslide risks, considering the situation of villages in each region or province. Considering the importance of the issue, it seems necessary to address this issue from a scientific and practical point of view. Therefore, the basic question of the research is how vulnerable are the tourism villages of Iran in terms of the landslide hazard? Methodology The research method is applied in terms of purpose and based on nature, analytical-quantitative. Data analysis was performed based on spatial data in Arc GIS software. To assess the vulnerability of Iran tourism villages in terms of landslide hazard, in the first stage, the most important criteria in the field of zoning and identifying landslide areas were identified. Based on previous research, 9 criteria including slope (percentage), height (meters), erosion (degrees), soil type, land use type, precipitation (millimeters), distance from fault (meters), distance from waterways (meters), and distance from road (meters) were selected for this study. In the second stage, maps related to each criterion were prepared. In the third stage, according to the purpose of the research, weighting operations were applied to the maps within the framework of the analytic hierarchy process and layer standardization was performed. Next, the weight and importance of the criteria relative to each other were evaluated. Then, the weighted maps were combined by applying the weight of each layer using a weighted overlap algorithm, and the final map that identified the vulnerability and landslide risk zones was obtained. Results and discussion Explanation and analysis of the results indicate that slope and erosion are known as the most important factors affecting the occurrence of landslide. This indicates a direct dependence of ground instability on topographic conditions, especially in high-altitude areas with steep slopes where the potential for landslide is greater. The high impact of these factors indicates the need for land use management in susceptible areas and imposing restrictions on human activities such as road building and construction in such areas. On the other hand, the distribution of criteria weights shows that other environmental factors also play a significant role, but their impact is meaningful in combination and not independently. For example, in areas where heavy rainfall is accompanied by steep slopes, the probability of landslides increases significantly. The results showed that 62.59 percent of the country's area is known as a very low risk area; 19.55 percent is a low risk area; 11.20 percent is a medium risk area; 21.5 percent is a high risk area; and 1.43 percent is a very high risk area in terms of landslide hazard. Based on the results, 25 Iran tourism villages with very high vulnerability and 113 villages with high vulnerability are at risk of landslides. Analysis of the area of various vulnerable zones shows that 62 percent of the area of tourism villages is located in very low-risk zones, but more than 13 percent of the villages are located in high- and very high-risk zones that require special attention and preventive measures. These villages, which are located in high and very high risk zones, include 25 villages, mainly located in the western and northern regions of the country and are at risk of more serious landslides due to specific climatic and geographical conditions. The results of a study of the vulnerability of Iran tourism villages to landslide risk indicate the unequal distribution of this hazard throughout the country. Most of the areas with high and very high vulnerability are located in the western and northern regions of the country, which have favorable characteristics for the development of tourism villages in terms of climate and environmental conditions. This indicates the co-occurrence of high density of tourism villages with high-risk areas, which is especially evident in areas with steep slopes and high rainfall. On the contrary, by moving towards the central and southern regions of the country, the level of vulnerability decreases, which is due to features such as drier climatic conditions, Less erosion, soil type and gentler slope in these areas. Conclusion Overall, to protect tourism villages and reduce landslide risks, it is essential to adopt management and preventive measures for these areas, especially high- and very high-risk villages. These measures can include appropriate programs to stabilize slopes, control soil erosion, enhance vegetation cover, as well as restrictions on the development of certain human activities in these sensitive areas. It is suggested that in addition to single-factor analysis, a comprehensive and multi-criteria approach be adopted in risk management studies to achieve more accurate results for reducing landslide losses. زمین‌لغزش یکی از مهم‌ترین مخاطرات طبیعی است که تأثیرات مخربی بر سکونتگاه‌های انسانی، به‌ویژه در مناطق روستایی و گردشگری دارد. با توجه به ویژگی‌های جغرافیایی ایران و گسترش روستاهای گردشگری، شناسایی و تحلیل آسیب‌پذیری این روستاها در برابر زمین‌لغزش امری ضروری است. استفاده از سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) ابزار قدرتمندی برای ارزیابی این مخاطره فراهم می‌کند. این پژوهش با هدف تعیین میزان آسیب پذیری روستاهای گردشگری ایران از لحاظ مخاطره زمین لغزش انجام شده است. روش پژوهش تحلیلی-کمی و مبتنی بر تحلیل داده های مکانی در چارچوب فرآیند تحلیل سلسله‌مراتبی و همپوشانی وزنی است. عملیات تعیین معیارها، وزن دهی و همپوشانی انجام و در نهایت نقشه آسیب پذیری روستاهای گردشگری از لحاظ مخاطره زمین لغزش تهیه شد. نتایج نشان داد که 59/62 درصد مساحت کشور به عنوان پهنه با خطر بسیار کم؛ 55/19 درصد، پهنه با خطر کم، 20/11 درصد پهنه با خطر متوسط، 21/5 درصد پهنه با خطر زیاد و 43/1 درصد پهنه با خطر بسیار زیاد در زمینه مخاطره زمین لغزش شناخته شده است. بر اساس نتایج از مجموع 980 روستا، 25 روستای گردشگری ایران با آسیب پذیری بسیار بالا و 113 روستا با آسیب پذیری بالا در معرض مخاطره زمین لغزش قرار دارند. همچین ارزیابی توزیع روستاهای گردشگری با نقاط زمین لغزش، از تطبیق نتایج این پژوهش با نقاط نمونه برداشت شده اشاره دارد. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که بین نقشه نهایی و معیارهای ارزیابی مخاطره زمین لغزش، ارتباط وجود دارد. در مجموع برخی از روستاهای گردشگری ایران در معرض مخاطره زمین لغزش هستند که با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش می توان برای آنها برنامه ریزی عملیاتی و موثری را اتخاذ نمود.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_723138_43fd8114f752dca841d6c50f58b3a1b3.pdf