انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 24 89 2026 08 23 Spatial Transformation of Peri-Urban Rural Settlements Case: Shahriar District دگردیسی فضایی سکونتگاه های روستایی پیراشهری مورد: ناحیه شهریار 1 23 740814 10.22034/jiga.2026.2085018.1482 FA سمیه عزیزی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0003-1731-528X فرهاد عزیزپور دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران 0000-0003-0204-8270 وحید ریاحی دانشیار جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی روستایی، گروه جغرافیای انسانی، دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران. 0000-0002-6970-0625 Journal Article 2026 05 28 Extended Abstract Introduction The unique characteristics of human groups and the specific features of their environment create a dynamic system based on interaction. The components of this spatial-territorial system, whether intentionally or not, dynamically interact and are influenced in various ways by internal forces and processes (which are inherent to the space under study and correspond to the region's own characteristics) and external ones (which originate from other spatial-territorial realities). In recent decades, the rural settlements of the Shahriar District, due to their proximity to Tehran, face specific opportunities and challenges. This region features an unbalanced dispersion, a concentration of economic activities in a few poles, and a distinct pattern of population settlement that is less common in other rural areas of the country. Shahriar is the twelfth most populous region in Iran and one of the seven most populous regions in Tehran Province. The population of this region has increased significantly over the years; from approximately 365,000 in 1986, to about 530,000 in 1996, reaching over 1.1 million in 2006. Based on censuses from 2011 to 2016, the population grew at an average rate of 1.84%, and the average household size increased to 3.3 persons. Migration to this region is also considerable, with about 57,615 people migrating there in 2011 and approximately 74,900 in 2016. The migration rate over this five-year period was 5.39%. Employment opportunities in the industrial and service sectors have provided an income source for residents of the region's villages. Many villages have shirked their productive and generative nature, turning into venues for land speculation and the concentration of spurious urban activities. Such settlements have not only forgotten their rural identity but have also failed to function beneficially as urban areas. Most of the problems and challenges surrounding this type of rural settlement near metropolises stem from a lack of sufficient knowledge, understanding, and insight into their growth and changes, coupled with the absence of appropriate management mechanisms and policies. Furthermore, insufficient scientific research and the inevitable haste in some planning and development schemes in recent years have exacerbated these trends. Consequently, such fundamental issues have led to inappropriate and non-targeted management and decision-making by officials, as well as the unchecked and uncontrolled expansion of these settlements. Undoubtedly, such challenges within our country's rural system are a phenomenon worthy of contemplation, discussion, and investigation. Against this backdrop, the present study seeks to answer the following key question: What transformations have the rural settlements of Shahriar District undergone during the period 2011-2021? Material and Methods The statistical population included all rural settlements in the Shahriar District of Tehran Province (33 villages), and a complete enumeration was conducted. To understand the type of transformation in the rural settlements of Shahriar District, a descriptive method using secondary data was employed. This involved extracting information from books, articles, theses, dissertations, utilizing maps and satellite imagery, remote sensing data, and official information and statistics from organizations and institutions (such as data from the Iranian Statistical Center, the Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, the Shahriar Regional Health Network, etc.) over a 10-year period (2011-2021). These sources served as key tools for data collection in this section, and the data were analyzed using the WASPAS (Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment) multi-criteria decision-making method within the Microsoft Excel software environment. Results and Discussion 1) Environmental-Ecological Transformation Water Consumption: Per capita water consumption in the villages of the region showed an increasing trend, rising from approximately 0.94 cubic meters per person in 2011 to about 1.12 cubic meters per person in 2021. This consumption has a direct relationship with population size and is higher in more populous villages (over 2000 inhabitants). 2) Socio-Cultural Transformation Population: The population of the region's villages followed an upward trend between 2011 and 2021, with all 33 villages experiencing positive population growth. The average population growth rate during this decade was +2.42%. The spatial distribution of the population is unbalanced, with higher density in the central, northern, and eastern parts of the region. Migration: Net migration in the rural areas of the region was positive during the 2011-2021 period (average: +33.30). Migration into the villages increased significantly, rising from 20.72% in 2011 to 103.83% in 2021. The region acts as a demographic spillover for the Tehran metropolis and is a net recipient of migrants. 3) Economic Transformation Employment Structure: During the ten-year period leading up to 2021, the share of employment in economic sectors was as follows: Industry (50%), Services (37%), and Agriculture (13%). Most villages exhibit economic dependence on industrial and then service activities. For example, the village of Qaleh-ye Now has the highest share of agricultural employment at 55%, while Raziabad-e Bala has the lowest at 3%. 4) Physical-Spatial Transformation Land Use Changes: Between 2011 and 2021, human-made land uses (with 16% growth) and orchards (with 16% growth) expanded, while agricultural land use (with a 27% decrease) and "other" uses (primarily barren land, with a 5% decrease) declined significantly. These changes were more pronounced in the northern and central parts of the District. The ranking of villages based on the intensity of transformation indicates that 14 villages in the District have experienced a higher degree of spatial transformation. Conclusion In the Shahriar District, transformations are taking shape that are gradually altering the face of this area. Rural settlements, due to increased per capita water consumption and rapid population growth, have become densely populated and crowded places. This population increase has led to high density of both population and settlements. The region's high rate of in-migration also influences this trend. The slowdown in Tehran's population growth is not due to a decrease in its demographic attractiveness, but rather the accumulation of population in Tehran and the emergence of problems related to land purchase, housing, and other obstacles, which have diverted population overflow to the surrounding areas of Tehran. Consequently, migrants from other regions have been compelled to shift their approach from settling in Tehran to establishing themselves in population centers around the capital, including the Shahriar District. Furthermore, the establishment and significant development of infrastructural services in the transportation and communication sectors of Tehran and its surrounding counties, such as Shahriar, along with its geographical location and proximity to Tehran, have played a major role in the region's receptiveness to migration. Amidst this, the decrease in the labor force employed in agriculture and the increase in those employed in the industrial and service sectors indicate profound changes in the region's economic structure. Rural areas, which were once cradles of agriculture, are gradually converting their agricultural land uses to industrial, commercial, and residential areas, completely transforming the region's landscape. Intense competition is underway between green and non-green land uses. The trend of land-use change indicates a continuous decline in green land uses in favor of competing uses. The limitation and continuous reduction of green land uses in the Shahriar District, although primarily influenced by destructive human activities, also face two major constraints in the region: limited water resources and the pressure from population density leading to the growth of built-up areas and land-use changes. In other words, green land uses are under pressure from all sides, both externally and internally. Areas considered the most suitable in terms of water and soil for agriculture and horticulture have become arenas for construction and land speculation, and the few remaining agricultural and horticultural lands face serious and increasing threats. هر نظام فضایی از جمله سکونتگاه‌های روستایی، پیوسته از درون و از بیرون تحت تأثیر عوامل و نیروهای مختلف گوناگون و متعددی (محیطی، اقتصادی-اجتماعی، تاریخی و سیاسی) در حال تغییر و دگرگونی مستمر و پویا است. در این بین سکونتگاه‌های روستایی مستقر در پیرامون مراکز شهری (به ویژه کلان‌شهرها) که همواره در معرض مستقیم و بی‌واسطه ویژگی‌های ساختاری و کارکردی شهر قرار دارند، به طور خاص و فزاینده‌ای با دو گونه چالش اصلی و اساسی مواجه شده‌اند: از یک‌سو، استحاله و فروپاشی تدریجی بافت و کارکرد اصیل و سنتی خود و از سویی دیگر، ایجاد و شکل‌گیری فضاهای مبهم و دوگانه‌ای که نه شهری هستند و نه روستایی. در واقع حاصل نهایی این تغییرات و تحولات شتابان، از هم گسیختگی و گسست عمیق ساختاری-کارکردی نظام سکونتگاهی فضاهای پیراشهری شده است. بر این اساس، پژوهش و مطالعه حاضر با هدف اصلی شناخت و واکاوی دگردیسی‌های فضایی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی پیراشهری با تأکید ویژه بر ناحیه شهریار در بازه زمانی ۱۰ ساله (۱۴۰۰-۱۳۹۰) تهیه و تدوین شده است. روش پژوهش به کار گرفته شده در این مطالعه، توصیفی-تحلیلی است و در این چارچوب کلیه داده‌های مورد نیاز از طریق منابع مختلف جمع‌آوری و استخراج شد. نتایج تحلیل نهایی داده‌ها با روش تصمیم‌گیری چند شاخصه وزنی ترکیبی موسوم به واسپاس (WASPAS) در محیط نرم‌افزار اکسل، به وضوح نشان می‌دهد که از بین کل ۳۳ روستای مورد بررسی و تحلیل، تعداد ۱۴ روستا به طور مشخص و بارز دگردیسی فضایی شدیدتر و بیشتری را در این دهه تجربه کرده‌اند که این امر لزوم توجه و مدیریت هدفمند این روندها را بیش از پیش آشکار می‌سازد.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_740814_d8d0e24c014ddab618818201e08ada21.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 24 89 2026 08 23 A Meta-Analytical Urban Digital Twin Governance in the Systematic Development of Tehran Smart City فراتحلیل حکمرانی دوقلوهای دیجیتال شهری در توسعه‌ نظام‌مند شهر هوشمند تهران 23 43 740815 10.22034/jiga.2026.2089269.1490 FA علی شماعی استاد گروه آموزشی جغرافیای انسانی دانشکده علوم جغرافیایی، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران علیرضا دهزادگان دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران. 0009-0008-7478-8116 Journal Article 2026 05 26 Extended Abstract Introduction Unprecedented 21st‑century urbanisation – 57% of the world population (4.6 billion) in 2023, expected to reach 70% by 2050 – has intensified pressures on infrastructure, housing, traffic, social equity, and the environment. The Urban Digital Twin (UDT) has emerged as a novel smart‑city framework that provides real‑virtual representation, modelling, and simulation for planners, integrated with IoT, AI, and big data to enhance predictive analytics, resource optimisation, and citizen participation. However, systematic reviews (Diaz‑Sarachaga, 2025; Cao et al., 2025; Khazina et al., 2025; Liu et al., 2025; Houzat et al., 2025; Weil et al., 2023; Shariatpour & Behzadfar, 2022, among others) show that most studies focus on technical aspects, leaving governance challenges unresolved: data integration, security, privacy, limited public participation, fragmented data ownership, and weak institutional coordination. A clear knowledge gap exists regarding a balanced framework that addresses technological, institutional, social, and environmental dimensions simultaneously, particularly for a complex metropolis like Tehran. Tehran faces multi‑layered problems: poor data management, institutional discontinuity, lack of data‑sharing standards, and no coherent governance framework for UDT deployment (Shariatpour & Behzadfar, 2022; Fartash et al., 2021). The research problem is how to establish and govern a UDT in Tehran so that, using meta‑analysis, systematic review, and path analysis, the effects of governance components on smart‑city development, institutional coordination, transparency, and forward‑looking accountability can be assessed. The main research question is: “What governance framework (principles, mechanisms, key indicators) can be formulated for effective UDT deployment in Tehran, and what impact does it have on institutional coordination, transparency, and forward‑looking accountability?” The main objective is to provide a comprehensive, operational governance framework for Tehran’s UDT that overcomes data, institutional, and participatory challenges. Secondary objectives are: (1) identify and rank key governance components (institutional, technical, social, environmental); (2) analyse the gap between current and desired data governance and institutional coordination; (3) measure the effect of these components on smart‑city indicators (transparency, accountability, sustainability). The link between objectives and the problem is that without developing this framework and understanding existing gaps, the practical deployment and impact assessment of UDT in Tehran cannot be achieved; thus the objectives directly answer the “how to establish/govern” and “assess effects” questions. Methodology This applied, descriptive‑analytical study uses meta‑analysis, systematic review, and path analysis. For the systematic review, the PRISMA 2020 software was used on Scopus database: from 6,226 initial articles, after filtering by publication type, title/abstract/keyword screening, searching relevant keywords (smart city, urban planning, digital twin, virtual reality, systematic urban development), and selecting English articles via Python, 305 articles remained for final analysis. VOSviewer was used for data visualisation. Based on the review output, 5 urban digital twin governance components (independent variables) and 6 smart city systematic development components (dependent variables) were identified. The sample (n=96, purposive/Cochran without N method) comprised university professors (34%), Tehran municipality managers/experts (27%), urban planning/technology consultants (21%), and smart city/digital twin specialists (18%). A 5‑point Likert scale was used, and data were analysed using structural equation modelling with partial least squares. Results and Discussion With the expansion of urbanisation and digital technologies, urban digital twin governance has become a novel approach for data‑driven decision‑making in smart cities, and research in this field has grown significantly since 2015, especially during 2024‑2025. The thematic focus is mainly on computer science and engineering, but social and environmental sciences also hold an important place; geographically, Asian countries (China, India) are leading, while the US and Europe also play a significant role. The co‑occurrence network of keywords indicates a transition from traditional technologies to artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain, and a shift in orientation from mere modelling to data‑driven and managerial approaches. Path analysis results show that data dissemination, storage, modelling, visualisation, and security respectively play a vital role in planning, forecasting, transparency, and trustworthiness of the smart city. Finally, digital twin governance (the institutional dimension) was identified as the coordinating framework for technical and data components, and the systematic development of Tehran's smart city requires the integration of these dimensions along with addressing security and privacy challenges Conclusion Digital twin governance, with data-driven infrastructure and modern technologies (AI, big data), transforms decision-making in Tehran from reactive to proactive, enhancing transparency, accountability, and resilience. Research limitations include limited access to local data and neglecting socio-cultural dimensions. Proposals: develop online monitoring, improve data security, interactive simulation, strengthen digital governance, and integrate AI into Tehran's urban management. حکمرانی دوقلوهای دیجیتال با بهره‌گیری از فناوری پیشرفته، نقش حیاتی در توسعه نظام‌مند و پایدار شهرهای هوشمند ایفا می‌کند و مدیریت منابع و برنامه‌ریزی بهینه مناطق شهری را بهبود می‌بخشد. در این راستا، پژوهش باهدف حکمرانی دوقلوهای دیجیتال شهری در توسعه‌ نظام‌مند شهر هوشمند تهران تدوین شده است. رو پژوهش به‌صورت توصیفی - تحلیلی با ترکیب رویکرد فراتحلیل، مرور نظام‌مند و تحلیل مسیر طراحی شده است. در بخش مرور نظام‌مند، ۳۰۵ مقاله منتخب از بین ۶۲۲۶ مقاله اولیه منتشرشده در بازه زمانی ۲۰۱۰ تا ۲۰۲5 با استفاده از پایگاه Scopus و نرم‌افزار PRISMA پالایش شده و سپس با نرم‌افزار VOSviewer تحلیل شدند. متغیرهای پژوهش بر اساس خروجی مرور نظام‌مند تعیین و داده‌ها با روش مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری (PLS3) پردازش شدند. جامعه آماری متخصصان و مدیران مرتبط با حوزه شهر هوشمند و دوقلوی دیجیتال شهری بود که نمونه آماری ۹۶ نفر به روش هدفمند انتخاب شد. نتایج مرور نظام‌مند نشان داد که مدیریت داده، امنیت داده و مدل‌سازی شهری بیشترین تأثیر را بر موفقیت حکمرانی دوقلوی دیجیتال دارند و چالش‌هایی مانند فقدان هماهنگی نهادی، کمبود زیرساخت داده‌محور و نبود قوانین شفاف داده‌ای وجود دارد. نتایج مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که مدیریت و مدل‌سازی داده‌ها برای ارتقای تصمیم‌گیری و پایداری شهری اساسی است و حکمرانی دوقلوهای دیجیتال شهری چارچوب نهادی لازم برای هماهنگی فعالیت‌ها را فراهم می‌کند، هرچند چالش‌هایی نظیر امنیت و یکپارچگی داده‌ها همچنان باقی است؛ بنابراین گذار به سمت دوقلوی دیجیتال کارآمد مستلزم یکپارچگی نهادی، مشارکت شهروندان و استفاده از فناوری‌های هوش مصنوعی، اینترنت اشیا و رایانش ابری است؛ امری که می‌تواند به افزایش پایداری شهر تهران در آینده منجر شود.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_740815_035703a1efdf2df5f21d5529fd837d27.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 24 89 2026 08 23 Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Urban Development through a Healthy City Perspective: The Case of District 7, Karaj ارزیابی تاثیرات زیست محیطی توسعه شهری با رویکرد شهر سالم نمونه موردی منطقه 7 کرج 45 59 740731 10.22034/jiga.2026.2069019.1433 FA حسین مجتبی زاده خانقاهی استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، تهران، ایران، ایران. 0009-0002-7201-4543 حسین رضایی استادیار جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، تهران، ایران. 0000-0001-7405-6806 لیلا عابدی فرد دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، تهران، ایران، ایران. 0009-0000-4899-6693 Journal Article 2026 03 01 Extended Abstract Introduction Despite significant advancements at the international level, few studies in Iran have comprehensively examined the environmental impacts of urban development based on Healthy City indicators. Many domestic studies have focused on the isolated analysis of components such as air pollution, waste management, or green spaces, while the systematic relationship of these components with the Healthy City framework has been neglected (Mohammadi et al., 2023; Rezaei & Sadeghi, 2019). This research gap is particularly noticeable in specific areas such as District 7 of Karaj, where population density, the shortage of open and green spaces, traffic-related pollution, and the presence of small-scale industrial units have subjected the environmental condition to numerous challenges. The necessity of conducting this research arises from the fact that the precise identification and analysis of environmental indicators in accordance with Healthy City criteria can provide a scientific foundation for formulating urban management strategies and take an effective step toward enhancing the quality of life of citizens. This study aims to comprehensively assess the environmental impacts of urban development in District 7 of Karaj and align them with Healthy City indicators, seeking to propose a strategic framework that, while addressing current challenges, paves the way for sustainable development. Methodology This research is applied in nature and, methodologically, descriptive-correlational, conducted using a variance-based structural equation modeling approach. The statistical population consisted of 124,688 residents of District 7 of Karaj. Using Cochran's formula with a 95% confidence level, a sample size of 357 individuals was determined, and a stratified random sampling method proportionate to the population distribution across the district's neighborhoods was employed. The data collection instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire designed based on environmental impact assessment indicators and the World Health Organization's Healthy City indicators. Content validity was evaluated through expert judgment, and construct validity was assessed via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using SmartPLS. For reliability, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were utilized. The conceptual model comprises the exogenous variables "Physical Environment (ENV_PHY)," "Environmental Infrastructure (ENV_INF)," and "Green Space (GREEN)," the mediating variable "Social Participation (SOC_PART)," and the primary endogenous variable "Urban Health (HEALTH)." The variable "Age (AGE)" was included as a control variable. Data analysis was performed using SmartPLS 4 software. Results and Discussion The results obtained from the structural equation modeling analysis using the PLS-SEM method indicated that the environmental impact assessment indicators of urban development in District 7 of Karaj, across four main dimensions—namely, the physical environment, infrastructural environment, green spaces, and social participation—have a significant effect on the dependent variable of urban health. 1. Physical Environment (ENV_PHY): The factor loadings of the indicators of physical quality, roadway safety, and urban fabric organization were all above 0.7, and the path coefficient between this dimension and urban health was reported as β = … , which was significant at the 95% confidence level. This finding indicates that improving the physical quality of neighborhoods in the district exerts the greatest effect on enhancing residents' quality of life and sense of well-being. 2. Infrastructural Environment (ENV_INF): The indicators of access to public services, transportation, waste management, and the water supply network exhibited composite reliability values above 0.8. The influence of this dimension on urban health was confirmed with a path coefficient of β = … . The results demonstrate that the upgrading of urban infrastructure constitutes a prerequisite for realizing Healthy City indicators in this region. 3. Green Spaces (GREEN): Based on factor analysis, the indicators of per capita green space, equitable distribution, and maintenance quality of green spaces garnered the highest mean importance scores from the citizens' perspective. This dimension exerted a strong positive effect on urban health (β = …) and, in terms of effect size (f²), was ranked as "large." 4. Social Participation (SOC_PART): This dimension played a mediating role between physical-infrastructural factors and urban health. The bootstrap test of indirect paths demonstrated that citizens' participation in local decision-making significantly enhances service satisfaction and fosters a sense of place attachment. 5. Impact of Control Variables (AGE): Examining the role of citizens' age revealed that age groups above 50 years exhibit greater sensitivity toward infrastructure improvement and environmental safety, whereas younger individuals show more positive reactions to the quality of green spaces and cultural amenities. 6. Model Fit Indices: The R² values for the urban health variable were equal to … , and the Q² values were positive, indicating the adequate predictive power of the model. The convergent validity indices (AVE > 0.5) and composite reliability (CR > 0.8) also attest to the high validity of the measurement instrument. Conclusion In sum, the findings suggest that the physical and infrastructural development of District 7 of Karaj, provided that simultaneous attention is paid to green spaces and the social participation of residents, can ensure both the improvement of urban environmental quality and the enhancement of urban health indicators. However, the physical discontinuity and dispersion of the existing neighborhoods constitute a serious obstacle to the functional integration of the district. any technical or infrastructural intervention. Practically, this study recommends: (1) immediate reform of the institutional structure to unify decision-making centers; (2) formulation of a participatory strategic plan focused on environmental resilience, including a waste management master plan and a green-blue توسعه سریع شهری، به‌ویژه در کلان‌شهرها، اگر بدون رویکردهای جامع و یکپارچه برنامه‌ریزی محیط‌زیستی، اجتماعی و اقتصادی انجام گیرد، می‌تواند پیامدهای منفی چندبعدی، عمیق و جبران‌ناپذیری بر سلامت جسمی و روانی شهروندان، کیفیت زندگی شهری و پایداری زیست‌بوم شهری بر جای گذارد. این پیامدها شامل افزایش و تنوع آلاینده‌های هوا و آب، افت کیفیت خاک، کاهش سرانه فضای سبز، تخریب زیستگاه‌های طبیعی، گسترش و تراکم بافت‌های ناکارآمد و فرسوده شهری، تشدید ترافیک و آلودگی صوتی، و نیز افزایش بار مالی و هزینه‌های سلامت عمومی است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارزیابی دقیق اثرات زیست‌محیطی توسعه شهری با رویکرد «شهر سالم» ـ به عنوان چارچوبی برای ارتقای کیفیت زندگی و تأمین سلامت جامع شهروندان ـ در منطقه ۷ شهر کرج انجام شد. روش تحقیق، توصیفی–تحلیلی با رویکرد همبستگی بوده و برای تحلیل روابط بین مؤلفه‌ها از مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری به روش حداقل مربعات جزئی (PLS-SEM) بهره گرفته شد. جامعه آماری شامل کلیه ساکنان منطقه ۷ کرج (۱۲۴٬۶۸۸ نفر) بود که حجم نمونه ۳۵۷ نفر به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای و متناسب با پراکندگی جمعیتی انتخاب شد. داده‌ها از طریق پرسشنامه محقق‌ساخته با روایی صوری و محتوایی تأییدشده و پایایی مطلوب (آلفای کرونباخ > 0.7) گردآوری و با نرم‌افزار SmartPLS تحلیل گردید. نتایج نشان داد شاخص‌های اصلی رویکرد شهر سالم ـ شامل مؤلفه‌های محیط زیستی، اجتماعی، اقتصادی و کالبدی ـ اثر معناداری بر پایداری و کیفیت زندگی شهری دارند (p<0.05). در این میان، بعد زیست‌محیطی با بالاترین ضریب مسیر (β=0.41) قوی‌ترین تأثیرگذاری را بر ارتقای مفهوم شهر سالم داشته و ضرورت ادغام ارزیابی‌های زیست‌محیطی در چرخه سیاست‌گذاری شهری را برجسته می‌سازد.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_740731_6131571b81386cc3acd2405d93628869.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 24 89 2026 08 23 The Impact of Different Types of Land Ownership (Endowment, State-Owned, and Private) on Environmental Sustainability: A Case Study of Savadkuh County, Mazandaran Province تأثیر انواع مالکیت زمین‌های وقفی، دولتی و خصوصی بر پایداری محیط‌زیست: مطالعه موردی : شهرستان‌ سوادکوه استان مازندران 61 78 740905 10.22034/jiga.2026.2089962.1493 FA ایوب امانی دانشجوی دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی ، گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی ، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، وکیل حیدری ساربان استاد گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی ، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی ، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0000-0002-9762-5378 ارسطو یاری حصار استاد گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی بهرام ایمانی دانشیار گروه برنامه ریزی شهری و روستایی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی 0009-0008-2668-1170 Journal Article 2026 06 12 Extended Abstract Introduction Land, as one of the most important natural and economic resources, plays a fundamental role in the livelihoods of rural communities and environmental sustainability. The way land is owned, managed, and utilized can have significant consequences for natural resources and environmental conditions. In mountainous areas, land fragmentation, diverse land-ownership systems, weak institutional oversight, and land-use changes are among the factors that can intensify pressure on environmental resources. The Savadkuh County, with its valuable forests, rangelands, rivers, and rich biodiversity, has considerable potential for providing ecosystem services; however, land-use changes, natural-resource exploitation, and weaknesses in management and supervision may adversely affect its environmental sustainability. Therefore, identifying the factors associated with land ownership and management, educational and technical support, the rule of law, and socioeconomic and cultural conditions is essential for strengthening environmental sustainability in the region. Accordingly, the present study aims to identify and explain the factors affecting environmental sustainability in the rural areas of Savadkuh County. To this end, the relationships between land ownership and management-related variables and the environmental sustainability index were examined using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).. Methodology This research is applied in terms of objective, survey in terms of method and uses nominal –ordinal qualitative data. Data were collected from villagers using a likret scale questionnaire. The statistical population comprised landowners and land users in savadkouh county. Stratified random sampling was employed. 34 villages were selected , with a total population of 8131 people. The sample size was determined using Cochrans sample size formula. Resulting in a sample size 383 individuals. Content validity for all variables was assessed using the Combined Relevancy method, with all validity scores exceeding 0/7, thus confirming the questionnaires validity. Reliability was measured using Cronbachs alpha, which yielded a score of 0/87, indicating a very high level of reliability. Data were collected through questionnaire and analyzed using SmartPL software. Results and Discussion The constructs examined included: ownership sized and type, land management quality, educational and technical support, rule of law and supervision, and supervision, and economic cultural context, all serving as predictors for the environmental sustainability index, path analysis results revealed that all predictor variables exerted a significant positive influence on the environmental sustainability index. Notably, rule of law and supervision emerged as the strongest direct predictor with a standard path coefficient (β=0/41). This was followed by land management quality (β=0/35), ownership size and type (β=0/28), educational and technical support, (β=0/26), and economic-cultural context (β=0/24). Conclusion The coefficient of determination (R²) for the model was 0/69, demonstrating the models high explanatory power (69%) in accounting for the variance in the environmental sustainability index. These finding emphasize the necessity of a multifaceted approach, encompassing institutional strengthening, improved management practices, investment in education, and consideration of contextual factors to achieve environmental sustainability. The research further contextualizes its findings by comparing them with relevant theories and previous studies, highlighting the need for coordinated policies across different levels and suggesting limitations and future research directions. در اکثر جوامع، حق مالکیت و استفاده از زمین به عنوان یک حق اساسی و یک شرط اساسی برای بهره وری اقتصادی ثروت افراد، جوامع و دولت ها تلقی می شود. در برابر مشکلات مالکیت زمین، نیاز به یک واکنش جهانی هماهنگ و منطقی از جمله تغییر در استفاده از منابع و الگوهای مصرف انرژی، اتخاذ تدابیر حقوقی و سیاستی مناسب بین‌المللی و ملی، و اصلاح حقوق و مسئولیت‌های فردی دارند. این پژوهش به بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر پایداری محیط‌زیست با استفاده ازPLS-SEM پرداخت. پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش تحقیق پیمایشی و از نظر ماهیت داده‌ها، صفت اسمی - ترتیبی است. داده‌ها از طریق پرسش‌نامه روستاییان در مقیاس لیکرت گردآوری شد. جامعه آماری شامل مالکان و بهره‌برداران اراضی شهرستان‌ سوادکوه بود. نمونه‌گیری به روش تصادفی طبقه‌ای انجام شد. تعداد 34 روستا انتخاب شد و جمعیت این 34 روستا برابر با 8113 نفر شد. برای تعیین حجم نمونه از فرمول شارل کوکران استفاده شد و حجم نمونه برابر با 383 نفر شد. با استفاده از روش روایی ترکیبی (CR) میزان روایی تمامی متغیرها بالاتر از 7/0 شد و روایی پرسشنامه تأیید شد. و پایایی آن با آلفای کرونباخ (87/0) سنجیده شدکه میزان پایایی را در حد بسیار بالایی تأیید کرد. یافته ها نشان داد که حاکمیت قانون و نظارت (=0/41β) کیفیت مدیریت زمین (=0/35β)، اندازه و نوع مالکیت (=0/28β)، حمایت آموزشی و فرهنگی (=0/26β) و بستر اقتصادی – فرهنگی (=0/24β) همگی تأثیرات مثبت و معناداری بر پایداری محیط زیست دارند. نتایج نشان داد که مدل توانست 69% از واریانس شاخص پایداری محیط زیست دارند. مدل توانست 69% از واریانس شاخص پایداری محیط زیست را تبیین کند. یافته ها بر اهمیت رویکرد جامع در سیاست گذاری های زیست محیطی تأکید دارند.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_740905_1451d22a87ae73e4dbea0fe13b8dfcb5.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 24 89 2026 08 23 Analysis of Temperature and Precipitation Trends in Northeastern Iran and their Association with Global CO₂ Concentration بررسی روند تغییرات دما و بارش در شمال‌شرق ایران و ارتباط آن با غلظت جهانی CO₂ 79 103 740755 10.22034/jiga.2026.2076947.1459 FA قربان جعفری گروه آب و هواشناشی و ژئومورفولوژی ، دانشکده جغرافیا و علوم محیطی ، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری، ایران. 0009-0000-3806-5254 عبدالرضا کاشکی گروه آموزشی آب و هواشناسی و ژئومورفولوژی ، دانشکده جغرافیا و علوم محیطی، دانشگاه حکیم سبزواری ، سبزوار ، ایران 0000-0002-8888-1097 Journal Article 2026 03 20 Extended Abstract Introduction Climate change is one of the most important environmental challenges of the twenty-first century and is mainly driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Its impacts are reflected in rising air temperatures, changes in precipitation regimes, and increasing hydro-climatic extremes (IPCC, 2023). Arid and semi-arid regions are especially vulnerable because they depend on scarce and highly variable water resources and climate-sensitive agriculture. Northeast Iran, including Khorasan Razavi, North Khorasan, and South Khorasan provinces, is a representative dryland region exposed to these pressures. It is characterized by hot dry summers, cold winters, low and irregular precipitation, and growing stress on groundwater resources. Previous studies have reported warming tendencies, declining humidity, and hydro-climatic instability in parts of this region. However, many of those studies were conducted either at broader national scales, over shorter periods, or without a systematic assessment of data homogeneity before trend analysis. This study addresses these gaps by examining long-term annual and seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation in Northeast Iran during 1995–2024 and by evaluating their statistical relationship with globally averaged atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Methodology Monthly, seasonal, and annual mean temperature and total precipitation data from 16 synoptic stations of the Iran Meteorological Organization were analyzed for the period 1995–2024. Stations were selected based on balanced spatial distribution, continuity of records, and low rates of missing data. Missing values, which did not exceed 0.5 percent, were completed using multiple imputation in SPSS. Global atmospheric CO₂ data were obtained from the NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory. Before trend detection, annual temperature and precipitation series were tested for homogeneity using three complementary methods: Pettitt, SNHT, and Buishand. Temporal trends were identified using the non-parametric Mann–Kendall test, and their magnitude was estimated by Sen’s slope estimator. A paired t-test was applied to compare climatic conditions between the two sub-periods 1995–2009 and 2010–2024. P-values between 0.05 and 0.10 were interpreted as marginally significant because weak precipitation declines may still be hydrologically important in dry environments. The relationship between global CO₂ concentration and regional climatic variables was examined through simple linear regression. Spatial patterns of trend magnitude were mapped using the Inverse Distance Weighting method in ArcGIS Pro. Finally, hierarchical clustering based on Ward’s method and squared Euclidean distance was performed using four standardized variables: annual temperature trend slope, annual precipitation trend slope, mean annual temperature, and mean annual precipitation. Results and Discussion The homogeneity assessment showed that annual temperature series at all 16 stations were non-homogeneous. This was interpreted as a statistical signal of strong and persistent warming rather than a data-quality problem. In contrast, annual precipitation series were homogeneous at all stations and therefore suitable for direct trend analysis. The Mann–Kendall test revealed a clear regional warming pattern. Fifteen of the sixteen stations, equivalent to 93.75 percent, exhibited statistically significant positive annual temperature trends. The strongest warming rates were observed at Qaen (0.069°C year⁻¹), Tabas (0.068°C year⁻¹), Torbat-e Jam (0.066°C year⁻¹), and Sarakhs (0.064°C year⁻¹). Quchan was the only station with a negative slope, but this trend was not statistically significant. Seasonal analysis showed that spring had the strongest and most spatially consistent warming signal across the region, while summer also displayed mainly positive trends.Precipitation trends were more heterogeneous and generally weaker than temperature trends. Significant annual precipitation declines were detected only at Tabas and Torbat-e Heydarieh, while Torbat-e Jam and Birjand showed marginally significant decreases. Several northern stations, including Quchan, Mashhad, and Sarakhs, displayed weak positive or near-zero precipitation slopes. Seasonal analysis indicated that the most persistent declines occurred in winter and spring, the two seasons most critical for groundwater recharge and rainfed agriculture. This pattern points to increasing pressure on regional water resources and agricultural stability, especially in the southern and central sectors of the study area.The paired t-test confirmed that the second sub-period was significantly warmer than the first at all stations except Quchan. In Qaen, Tabas, and Torbat-e Jam, the increase exceeded 1°C, indicating a structural shift in the regional thermal regime. Regression analysis further showed a positive and statistically significant relationship between global CO₂ concentration and annual temperature at 15 of the 16 stations. In contrast, no significant association was found between global CO₂ and annual precipitation, suggesting that precipitation in Northeast Iran is influenced more strongly by regional circulation patterns, topography, and moisture transport processes than by direct global radiative forcing. Hierarchical clustering identified three distinct climatic groups: a hot-arid cluster with high temperatures, low precipitation, and strong warming trends; a transitional semi-arid cluster with moderate thermal and moisture conditions; and a distinct cool-wet cluster represented only by Quchan. Conclusion The findings show that Northeast Iran experienced substantial climatic change during 1995–2024, mainly in the form of widespread and statistically robust warming. In contrast, precipitation changes were spatially less uniform, although drying tendencies were evident in the southern and central sectors, particularly during winter and spring. The combined effect of increasing temperature and declining seasonal precipitation implies rising risks of hydrological and agricultural drought. The identification of three climatic clusters provides a practical basis for region-specific adaptation strategies. Priority actions should include improved water allocation, strengthened drought monitoring systems, and the promotion of drought-resistant agricultural practices, especially in the most vulnerable hot-arid areas مناطق خشک و نیمه‌خشک جهان، از جمله شمال‌شرق ایران، به دلیل محدودیت منابع آب و وابستگی شدید به فعالیت‌های کشاورزی، از آسیب‌پذیرترین نواحی در برابر تغییرات اقلیمی به شمار می‌آیند. از این‌رو، تحلیل علمی روند تغییرات هیدرواقلیمی و بررسی ارتباط آن با عوامل جهانی نظیر افزایش غلظت دی‌اکسیدکربن، برای تدوین راهبردهای سازگاری و مدیریت پایدار منابع طبیعی ضروری است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل روند تغییرات دما و بارش و تبیین ارتباط آن با غلظت جهانی CO₂ در دوره سی‌ساله ۱۹۹۵ تا ۲۰۲۴ در شمال‌شرق ایران انجام شد. در این پژوهش، داده‌های ماهانه، فصلی و سالانه ۱۶ ایستگاه همدید سازمان هواشناسی کشور مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. برای تحلیل روند، از آزمون ناپارامتریک من‌کندال، برآوردگر شیب سن و رگرسیون خطی بهره گرفته شد و به‌منظور مقایسه تغییرات، آزمون T زوجی نیز به کار رفت. همچنین، همگنی سری‌های زمانی با آزمون‌های Pettitt، SNHT و Buishand ارزیابی و تحلیل فضایی روندها با روش درون‌یابی وزنی معکوس فاصله (IDW) در محیط ArcGIS انجام شد. افزون بر این، برای شناسایی الگوهای فضایی-اقلیمی، تحلیل خوشه‌ای سلسله‌مراتبی بر پایه چهار متغیر اقلیمی اجرا گردید. نتایج نشان داد که ۱۵ ایستگاه از ۱۶ ایستگاه (۹۳.۷۵ درصد) دارای روند افزایشی معنادار دما در سطح ۰.۰۵ هستند. بیشترین نرخ گرمایش در ایستگاه‌های قائن، طبس، تربت‌جام و سرخس مشاهده شد، در حالی‌که ایستگاه قوچان تنها ایستگاه با روند کاهشی و غیرمعنادار بود. بارش سالانه در اغلب ایستگاه‌ها روندی کاهشی داشت که در برخی ایستگاه‌ها معنادار بود. همچنین، بین دمای منطقه و غلظت جهانی CO₂ رابطه‌ای مثبت و معنادار مشاهده شد. نتایج خوشه‌بندی، ایستگاه‌ها را در سه خوشه اقلیمی متمایز قرار داد. رویکرد یکپارچه این پژوهش، چارچوبی مناسب برای شناسایی نواحی آسیب‌پذیر و پشتیبانی از برنامه‌ریزی سازگاری اقلیمی در شمال‌شرق ایران فراهم می‌سازد.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_740755_f1cfb9262e5ea3c85c36b1d94f532cec.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 24 89 2026 08 23 Analysis of Cloudiness Characteristics Associated with Heavy Precipitation Events in Northwest Iran Using Era5 Reanalysis Data تحلیل ویژگی‌های ابرناکی مرتبط با رخدادهای بارش سنگین در شمال غرب ایران با استفاده از داده‌های بازکاوی ERA5 117 135 738993 10.22034/jiga.2026.2084974.1481 FA برومند صلاحی استاد آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. 0000-0003-4826-6185 علی شاهی دانش آموخته دکترای آب و هواشناسی، گروه جغرافیای طبیعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران 0000-0001-9607-4132 Journal Article 2026 03 18 Extended Abstract Introduction Clouds are fundamental components of the Earth's climate system, playing a critical role in precipitation distribution, radiative energy balance, and the hydrological cycle. The physical and microphysical properties of clouds—including cloud-top height, temperature, optical thickness, and cloud fraction—significantly influence precipitation intensity and spatial distribution. This study aims to analyze cloudiness characteristics associated with Heavy Precipitation Events (HPEs) in Northwest Iran. Examining the spatiotemporal variations of clouds and their relationship with extreme precipitation provides valuable insights for weather forecasting, water-resource management, and climate-change impact assessment. The analysis of observational and reanalysis data serves as a robust tool for extracting cloudiness patterns and understanding their linkage to precipitation extremes. Identifying the spatial extent and persistence of cloud cover during HPEs also improves the interpretation of precipitation-generating systems and supports regional early-warning, disaster-risk management, and adaptation planning efforts. Methodology The study area covers Northwest Iran, encompassing the provinces of West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, and Ardabil (35°–40° N, 43°–49° E). Daily precipitation data from 19 synoptic stations were obtained from the Iran Meteorological Organization (IRIMO) for the period 2000–2019. Total Cloud Cover (TCC) reanalysis data were extracted from the ERA5 dataset. Hourly Total Cloud Cover data for the identified HPE days were retrieved and converted into daily averages. For validation purposes, three selected events were compared against the MERRA-2 dataset. Heavy Precipitation Events were identified based on a combined criterion of intensity (99th percentile and above) and spatial extent (at least 30% of stations and a minimum of five stations recording >= 20.4 mm). The spatial contribution of stations to these events was mapped using the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method in a GIS environment. Cloudiness characteristics, including intensity, spatial extent, and Total Cloud Cover patterns for 16 Heavy Precipitation Events, were analyzed using ERA5. For each event, the daily mean Total Cloud Cover, the percentage of area with TCC >= 0.7, and the center of mass of cloud cover were calculated. In addition, spatial maps were produced to illustrate the distribution and extent of cloud cover during each event across the study region. The performance of ERA5 for three selected events was evaluated using Willmott’s Index of Agreement (d), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Bias. Results and Discussion A total of 16 Heavy Precipitation Events were identified during the study period, forming the basis for analyzing cloudiness characteristics and evaluating reanalysis-data performance. The analysis detailed the spatial coverage of Heavy Precipitation Events, the stations recording maximum precipitation, and the peak precipitation values for each event. Sardasht station recorded the maximum precipitation in 10 out of 16 events (62.5%), highlighting it as a hotspot for precipitation extremes in the region. The highest recorded precipitation reached 185 mm on 3 February 2006 at this station. Validation of ERA5 against MERRA-2 using Willmott’s d, RMSE, and Bias demonstrated that ERA5 performs reliably in representing cloudiness features associated with Heavy Precipitation Events in Northwest Iran. Pixel-based Total Cloud Cover patterns for the 16 events revealed that, although cloud intensity and extent varied across events, high Total Cloud Cover values were predominantly concentrated in the southwestern half of the region, aligning with areas of high station participation. This spatial correspondence indicates a close association between extensive cloud cover and the occurrence of widespread heavy precipitation across the monitoring network. The gradient from minimum to maximum Total Cloud Cover values indicates variations in cloud-system intensity; more intense events were associated with larger spatial clusters of high Total Cloud Cover. This recurring pattern suggests that the spatial structure of cloud cover during Heavy Precipitation Events in this region follows a relatively stable configuration. Conclusion The maximum spatial extent of Heavy Precipitation Events was observed on 18 February 2018, when 10 stations simultaneously recorded heavy precipitation, consistent with the extensive cloud cover shown in the pixel maps. The validation results indicated reduced error and optimal statistical performance of ERA5 during high-intensity Heavy Precipitation Events. In 50% of the events, the center of mass of cloud cover was located southeast of Tabriz station, with a spatial cloud extent (TCC ≥ 0.7) of 1, indicating 100% cloud cover. The maximum spatial cloud coverage among the 16 events occurred on 3 February 2006, whereas the minimum value (0.43) was recorded on 30 March 2018. این مطالعه با هدف تحلیل ویژگی ‌های ابرناکی مرتبط با رخداد های بارش سنگین در شمال غرب ایران انجام شد. برای این منظور، داده‌ های روزانه بارش از ۱۹ ایستگاه همدیدی واقع در منطقه مطالعه طی دوره ۲۰ ساله (۲۰۰۰–۲۰۱۹) به کار گرفته شد. به ‌منظور ارزیابی ویژگی‌های ابرناکی، داده‌های بازتحلیل ERA5 دریافت و برای تحلیل رخدادهای بارش سنگین، روزهایی که معیارهای شدت (صدک ۹۹ بارش) و گستردگی مکانی (پوشش حداقل ۳۰ درصد ایستگاه‌ها) را برآورده می‌کردند، شناسایی شدند. برای هر رخداد شناسایی ‌شده، سه شاخص ابرناکی شامل شدت پوشش ابر (TCC)، گستردگی فضایی ابر بر اساس مساحت منطقه با (TCC ≥ 0.7) و همچنین الگوی فضایی مرکز جرم پوشش ابر محاسبه شد. نتایج اعتبار سنجی ERA5 با استفاده از داده‌های MERRA-2 نشان داد که این پایگاه عملکرد مناسبی در بازنمایی ویژگی‌ های ابرناکی مرتبط با رخدادهای بارش سنگین دارد. بر اساس تحلیل‌ها، در ۵۰ درصد از رخدادهای بارش سنگین، مرکز جرم الگوی فضایی ابرها در جنوب شرق ایستگاه تبریز قرار داشت و در همان نسبت، گستردگی فضایی ابر (TCC ≥ 0.7) برابر با ۱ و پوشش ابری کامل (۱۰۰ درصد) ثبت شد. بیشینه پوشش مکانی ابر در میان ۱۶ رخداد بارش سنگین مربوط به رخداد ۰۳/۰۲/۲۰۰۶ بود، در حالی‌ که کمینه گستردگی فضایی ابر برابر با 43/0 در رخداد ۳۰/۰۳/۲۰۱۸ مشاهده شد. تحلیل رخدادمحور ابرناکی می‌تواند درک دقیق‌تری از نقش ساختار فضایی سامانه‌های ابری در شکل‌گیری بارش‌های سنگین منطقه فراهم کند. هم‌زمانی بیشینه گستردگی ابرناکی با رخداد های بارش سنگین شدید، بیانگر اهمیت پوشش ابری پیوسته در تشدید بارش‌هاست.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_738993_a2fc9069b4fa0317644761a318f91cd0.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 24 89 2026 08 23 Analysi s of the economic and social impacts and role of secondary residences on rural areas (Case study: villages of Astara County تحلیل اثرات ا قتصادی و اجتماعی و نقش اقامتگاه‌های ثانویه بر نواحی روستایی مورد مطالعه: روستاهای شهرستان آستارا 137 161 740729 10.22034/jiga.2026.2063357.1415 FA فرزاد حافظ مقدم دانشجوی جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی شهری، واحد آستارا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آستارا ، ایران صدیقه حسنی مهر دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد آستارا، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آستارا ، ایران 0009-0006-7964-0108 رفعت شهماری اردجانی استادیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد آستارا ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آستارا ، ایران علیرضا پورشیخیان استادیار گروه جغرافیا، واحد آستارا ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، آستارا ، ایران Journal Article 2026 03 18 Extended Abstract Introduction From the perspective of most researchers, secondary settlements are part of the economic, social, physical, and environmental changes of the rural development process. Therefore, the expansion of secondary residences is effective in economic dimensions (creation of employment, improvement of business networks, starting entrepreneurial activities, development of local construction, provision of local services and investment, improvement of quality of life, etc.) and social dimensions (improvement of lifestyle, reduction of outmigration, reduction of isolation, increase of local participation, etc.). Astara County, as one of Iran's natural and cultural tourism destinations, has witnessed a rapid growth of secondary residences in recent years. This growth can have various consequences, including changes in the lifestyle of local people, the creation of new job opportunities, as well as pressure on the natural and cultural resources of the region. One of the most important challenges in the development of rural tourism in Astara County is land use changes and the depletion of natural resources. The conversion of agricultural lands and pastures into residential and recreational areas has placed additional pressure on natural resources, leading to a reduction in vegetation cover and the destruction of natural habitats. The present study aims to investigate and analyze the economic and social consequences of the development of secondary residences in rural areas of Astara County, identifying factors that can be influential in the sustainable development of rural tourism. In this study, the economic and social consequences of these residences on the villages of Astara city were examined and analyzed. Methodology The present research is of applied type in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The data collection method in this research is library and field, and in the field method, questionnaire completion is used. The questionnaire consists of two general and specific sections. The general section deals with the demographics and demographics of the statistical sample. A dedicated questionnaire has been prepared with two parts, questions related to economic consequences and social consequences. The statistical population of this study includes the villages of Astara city. The sample size was determined using the Cochran formula to be 358 people and simple stratified random sampling was used. Results and Discussion Test of the first hypothesis: "The most important economic consequence of creating secondary residences in the rural areas of Astara city is an increase in the income of the villagers."Statistical hypothesis (because the range of questions has 5 options, its average is 3) SPSS software was used to test the above hypothesis. Given that the hypothesis test was performed for the numerical value of 3 and the results obtained at the minimum significance level (sig2-tailed) at the 95% confidence level are lower than 0.05, therefore, the hypothesis H0 is rejected. In other words, the most important economic consequence of creating secondary residences in the rural areas of Astara County is an increase in the income of the villagers, therefore, the first hypothesis is confirmed and proven at the 95% confidence level. Testing the second hypothesis “The most important social consequence of creating secondary residences in the villages of Astara city is the reduction in the rate of migration from the village.” Statistical hypothesis (Because the range of questions has 5 options, the average is 3) . Now, considering that the hypothesis test was performed for the numerical value of 3 and the results obtained with a minimum significance level (sig2-tailed) at a 95% confidence level are higher than 0.05, therefore, hypothesis H1 is rejected. In other words, the most important social consequence of creating secondary residences in the villages of Astara city is the reduction in the rate of migration from the village, therefore, the second hypothesis is not confirmed at a 95% confidence level and is rejected. Because the p-value or (sig) of the significance level is equal to zero, which is smaller than the significance level of 0.05, we conclude that there is a significant difference between the questionnaire questions in terms of importance and that from the respondents' perspective, these questions do not have the same value and importance. The results of the Friedman test show that the highest average ratings from the respondents' perspective belonged to income with an average of 3.43, housing and construction with an average of 3.12. Employment with an average of 2.98, production with an average of 2.71, population with an average of 2.28, culture and leisure with an average of 2.21, health and treatment with an average of 2.08, and education with an average of 1.99 were in the next ranks. Conclusion The research findings showed that income variables with an average of 3.43 have the greatest impact on the villagers. Also, education with an average of 1.99 has the least impact on the rural community. The expansion of secondary residences in villages has had various consequences in the economic and social fields, both positive and negative. The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that our statistical sample had a normal distribution, and therefore, to examine the research model, the research hypotheses were examined using the mean test and the help of SPSS software. In this study, to test the first hypothesis, a one-sample t-test was used to compare the mean of the Likert scale responses (5 options) with the hypothetical value of 3 (the midpoint of the spectrum). The sample size was (n = 358). The results of the t-test showed that the significance level (p < 0.05) at the 95% confidence level is less than the alpha of 0.05, so the null hypothesis (H0) that the population mean is equal to 3 is rejected. Since the sample mean is significantly greater than 3, it can be concluded that respondents agree with the statement “The most important economic consequence of creating secondary residences in rural areas of Astara County is increasing the income of villagers.” Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research is confirmed at a 95% confidence level. Evaluation of the second research hypothesis: The most important social consequence of creating secondary residences in the villages of Astara city is the reduction in the rate of migration from the village. The results of the t-test showed that given that the significance level (p < 0.05) at the 95% confidence level is less than the alpha of 0.05, the null hypothesis (H0) that the population mean is equal to the value of 3 is rejected. Since most respondents did not agree with the statement "The most important social consequence of creating secondary residences in the villages of Astara County is reducing the rate of migration from the countryside," the second hypothesis is rejected. این پژوهش به بررسی کاملی از تأثیرات توسعه اقامتگاه‌های ثانویه بر ساختارهای اقتصادی و اجتماعی مناطق روستایی شهرستان آستارا می‌پردازد. این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی - تحلیلی می‌باشد. اطلاعات و داده‌های مورد نیاز در مورد اثرات اقتصادی و اجتماعی اقامتگاه‌های ثانویه از طریق مطالعات میدانی و کتابخانه‌ای، جمع‌آوری گردید. جامعه آماری این تحقیق ، روستاهای شهرستان آستارا است. نمونه آماری ، با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و به تعداد 358 نفر تعیین شد. داده‌ها از طریق پرسش‌نامه گردآوری و با بهره‌گیری از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS و Excel تحلیل شد. در بخش آمار استنباطی نیز پس از اثبات نرمال بودن توزیع با استفاده از آزمون کولمگروف - اسمیرنوف، تحلیل تمامی فرضیات از آزمون تی تک نمونه‌ای انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که بیشترین تأثیر گسترش اقامتگاه‌های ثانویه مربوط به اثرات اقتصادی (درآمد) با میانگین 43/3 و کمترین تأثیر را اثرات اجتماعی (آموزش) با میانگین 99/1 داشته است.یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که شکل‌گیری و گسترش پدیده اقامتگاه‌های ثانویه تأثیرات چشمگیری بر دگرگونی‌های اقتصادی و اجتماعی داشته است یافته‌های تحقیق نشان می‌دهد که شکل‌گیری و گسترش پدیده اقامتگاه‌های ثانویه تأثیرات چشمگیری بر دگرگونی‌های اقتصادی و اجتماعی داشته است و نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند مبنایی برای برنامه‌ریزی مدیران و سیاست‌گذاران محلی در راستای مدیریت توسعه اقامتگاه‌های ثانویه در نواحی روستایی باشد. بر این اساس، پیشنهاد می‌شود ضمن بهره‌گیری از ظرفیت اقامتگاه‌های ثانویه برای افزایش درآمد و اشتغال ساکنان محلی، با تقویت مشارکت جامعه محلی و توجه به زیرساخت‌ها و خدمات اجتماعی، به‌ویژه خدمات آموزشی، زمینه کاهش پیامدهای منفی و تحقق توسعه متوازن و پایدار روستایی فراهم شود.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_740729_613a095b06786aab5587b8d5f0660ad3.pdf

انجمن جغرافیایی ایران جغرافیا (نشریۀ انجمن جغرافیایی ایران) 2783-3739 24 89 2026 08 23 An empirical assessment of the role of the communication network of actors in the success of urban regeneration ارزیابی تجربی نقش شبکه ارتباطی کنشگران در موفقیت تجدید حیات شهری (مطالعه موردی: شهر نکا) 151 168 737197 10.22034/jiga.2026.2078439.1464 FA محمدمهدی محمدی دانشجوی دکتری، گروه جغرافیا، واحد سمنان‌‌، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی‌‌، سمنان‌‌، ایران. عباس ارغان استاد گروه جغرافیا‌‌، واحد سمنان‌‌، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی‌‌، سمنان‌‌، ایران. محمدرضا زندمقدم دانشیار گروه جغرافیا‌‌، واحد سمنان‌‌، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی‌‌، سمنان‌‌، ایران. 0000-0001-7609-1293 Journal Article 2026 01 30 Extended Abstract Introduction Urban regeneration has emerged as a comprehensive approach to addressing the physical, social, economic, and environmental challenges of urban areas. Unlike traditional urban renewal strategies, contemporary regeneration emphasizes participatory governance, stakeholder collaboration, and sustainable development. The success of urban regeneration initiatives largely depends on the interactions among various actors, including governmental organizations, municipalities, local communities, private sectors, non-governmental organizations, and other institutional stakeholders. These interactions shape decision-making processes, resource allocation, implementation effectiveness, and ultimately the sustainability of regeneration outcomes. Actor-Network Theory (ANT) provides a valuable framework for understanding these complex relationships by conceptualizing urban development as a network of interconnected human and non-human actors. According to ANT, urban regeneration outcomes are not merely products of governmental interventions but are generated through dynamic interactions among diverse actors and institutions. Therefore, understanding the structure and quality of actor networks is essential for improving regeneration policies and practices. The city of Neka, located in Mazandaran Province, Iran, presents a significant case for investigating the role of actor networks in urban regeneration. Neka possesses considerable cultural, historical, and social assets that can contribute to strengthening cultural capital and promoting sustainable urban development. However, the city also faces challenges related to deteriorated urban fabrics, fragmented institutional arrangements, insufficient stakeholder participation, and limited coordination among responsible organizations. Despite the growing importance of urban regeneration in Iranian cities, limited attention has been paid to the relationship between actor networks, cultural capital, and sustainable development in Neka. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the role of actor network interactions in shaping urban regeneration outcomes with particular emphasis on cultural capital and sustainable development. Material and Methods This study adopts a mixed-methods research design that combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to investigate the interactions among urban regeneration actors in Neka. The theoretical foundation of the research is based on Actor-Network Theory, which facilitates the identification of key actors and the examination of their relationships within the urban regeneration process. Data collection was conducted through documentary analysis, expert interviews, questionnaires, and stakeholder assessments. Relevant urban development plans, regeneration policies, municipal documents, and institutional reports were reviewed to identify the major actors involved in regeneration initiatives. Subsequently, interviews were conducted with urban managers, municipal officials, planning experts, representatives of governmental organizations, community leaders, and other stakeholders. To examine the structure of actor relationships, Social Network Analysis (SNA) was employed. This method enables the assessment of communication patterns, collaboration intensity, information exchange, and power distribution among actors. Network indicators such as density, centrality, connectivity, and cohesion were used to evaluate the effectiveness of actor interactions. In addition, indicators related to cultural capital and sustainable development were incorporated into the analytical framework. Cultural capital indicators included cultural participation, preservation of local identity, community engagement, heritage conservation, and social cohesion. Sustainable development indicators encompassed environmental quality, economic opportunities, institutional effectiveness, and social inclusiveness. The integration of these indicators with network analysis provided a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between actor interactions and regeneration outcomes. Results and Discussion The findings indicate that urban regeneration in Neka involves a diverse range of actors, including municipal authorities, governmental agencies, urban management institutions, local communities, private investors, cultural organizations, and civil society groups. However, the network structure demonstrates an uneven distribution of influence among actors. Governmental and municipal institutions occupy central positions within the network and play dominant roles in decision-making processes, while community-based organizations and local residents exhibit relatively limited participation. Social Network Analysis revealed moderate levels of connectivity and collaboration among stakeholders. Although several institutional actors maintain strong communication links, the overall network density remains insufficient to support effective collaborative governance. Information exchange and joint decision- making mechanisms are often concentrated among a limited number of actors, resulting in reduced opportunities for broader participation and collective action. The results further suggest that the quality of actor interactions significantly influences urban regeneration outcomes. Areas characterized by stronger collaboration and communication tend to demonstrate higher levels of community engagement, cultural participation, and social cohesion. Conversely, fragmented relationships and weak stakeholder integration hinder the implementation of regeneration projects and reduce their long-term sustainability. A key finding of the study is the central role of cultural capital in urban regeneration. Neka's cultural heritage, local identity, historical assets, and community traditions constitute important resources for regeneration initiatives. The research indicates that actor networks capable of mobilizing these cultural resources through participatory approaches are more successful in generating sustainable development outcomes. Effective collaboration among cultural institutions, local communities, and municipal authorities contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage while simultaneously enhancing social inclusion and economic vitality. Conclusion This study examined the role of actor network interactions in shaping urban regeneration outcomes in Neka City with a focus on cultural capital and sustainable development. The findings demonstrate that the success of urban regeneration depends not only on financial resources and physical interventions but also on the quality of relationships among stakeholders. Strong actor networks facilitate communication, collaboration, knowledge exchange, and participatory decision-making, thereby contributing to more sustainable regeneration outcomes. The research also confirms that cultural capital represents a critical component of successful urban regeneration. The preservation of local identity, cultural heritage, and community values can strengthen social cohesion and increase public participation in regeneration initiatives. Consequently, integrating cultural capital into urban regeneration strategies can enhance both social sustainability and development effectiveness. . هدف این پژوهش، ارزیابی تجربی نقش شبکه ارتباطی کنشگران در موفقیت تجدید حیات شهری با رویکرد توسعه درون‌زا در شهر نکا است. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش پیمایشی-تحلیلی انجام شد و جامعه آماری شامل ۵۰ نفر از کنشگران دولتی، خصوصی، دانشگاهی و سازمان‌های مردم‌نهاد بود. نمونه‌گیری به روش در دسترس صورت گرفت و داده‌ها با استفاده از پرسش‌نامه ساخت‌یافته جمع‌آوری شد. پرسش‌نامه شامل چهار بخش اصلی: ظرفیت‌های سازمانی و تشکیلاتی، ظرفیت‌های قانونی و مقرراتی، ظرفیت‌های مالی و انسانی، و شبکه ارتباطی و همکاری میان کنشگران بود. پایایی ابزار با ضریب آلفای کرونباخ ۰.۹۲ تأیید شد و صحت ساختاری داده‌ها با تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که ظرفیت مالی و انسانی بیشترین نقش را در توانمندسازی کنشگران برای تحقق اهداف تجدید حیات شهری دارند و ظرفیت‌های قانونی و ساختاری به‌عنوان عوامل تسهیل‌گر اثرگذار هستند. شبکه ارتباطی میان کنشگران شامل سه بعد اصلی ارجاع، همکاری و اعتماد است که تعامل هماهنگ میان آن‌ها موفقیت مداخلات بازآفرینی را تضمین می‌کند. همچنین، نوع سازمان کنشگر تفاوت معناداری در میزان بهره‌مندی از ظرفیت‌ها و ارزیابی شبکه ارتباطی ایجاد می‌کند، به‌گونه‌ای که بخش خصوصی و دانشگاهی نسبت به گروه دولتی دیدگاه متفاوتی دارند. نتیجه‌گیری پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که شبکه ارتباطی منسجم و ظرفیت نهادی توانمند، پایه‌ای اساسی برای موفقیت برنامه‌های بازآفرینی شهری است و تمرکز بر تقویت منابع مالی، نیروی انسانی متخصص، شفافیت وظایف و هماهنگی میان‌بخشی، اثربخشی سیاست‌های توسعه درون‌زا را تضمین می‌کند. نتیجه‌گیری پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که شبکه ارتباطی منسجم و ظرفیت نهادی توانمند، پایه‌ای اساسی برای موفقیت برنامه‌های بازآفرینی شهری است و تمرکز بر تقویت منابع مالی، نیروی انسانی متخصص، شفافیت وظایف و هماهنگی میان‌بخشی، اثربخشی سیاست‌های توسعه درون‌زا را تضمین می‌کند.

https://mag.iga.ir/article_737197_0033b6728fe04469d80c2743846ea505.pdf