طرح های آبخیزداری و تحولات ساختاری – کارکردی سکونتگاه های روستایی (مورد مطالعه: سکونتگاه های حوضه آبریز چهکند در شهرستان بیرجند)

نوع مقاله : مقاله مستخرج از پایان نامه

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.

2 استادیار گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.

3 کارشناسی ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی روستایی، گروه جغرافیا، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران.

چکیده

طرح‌های آبخیزداری یکی از اقدامات توسعه برای تقویت سرمایه‌های طبیعی مناطق جغرافیایی است که هر ساله بخش قابل توجهی از بودجه مدیریت فضا را در مقیاس ناحیه‌ای تا ملی به خود اختصاص می‌دهد. با توجه به کارکرد این طرح‌ها، اهتمام جدی برای ارزیابی و درک آثار و پیامدهای آن در فضاهای جغرافیایی دارای ضرورتی راهبردی و اساسی است. در این پژوهش سعی شده تا به بررسی و تحلیل بازتاب مکانی و فضایی اجرای طرح آبخیزداری در تحولات ساختاری – کارکردی سکونتگاه‌های روستایی در حوضه آبریز چهکند از توابع شهرستان بیرجند پرداخته شود. جامعه آماری تحقیق شامل 9 روستا در محدوده حوضه آبریز چهکند-روشناوند با 245 خانوار جمعیت بوده که از بین آنان با کمک فرمول کوکران حجم نمونه‌ای به تعداد 111 خانوار انتخاب شده است. به منظور تحلیل وضعیت پایداری روستاها نیز از تکنیک "رادار پایداری" و "مدل موریس" استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان داد اجرای طرح آبخیزداری بر وضعیت پایداری سکونتگاه‌های حوضه آبریز چهکند در بعد اجتماعی و زیست محیطی بیشتر از حد متوسط و در بعد اقتصادی کمتر از حد متوسط اثرگذار بوده است. از بُعد اجتماعی، مشارکت جمعی روستاییان در پروژه‌های مختلف طرح و از بعد زیست محیطی افزایش آب قنوات و چشمه‌ها از طریق پروژه‌های تغذیه‌ای در برخی از سال‌ها و احیای تدریجی مراتع به شدت تخریب یافته -که برای دامداری سنتی روستاها بسیار حایز اهمیت می باشد- از مهم‌ترین علل اثرگذاری بوده است. با این وجود، در بُعد اقتصادی از یک سو به علت وقوع پدیده خشکسالی دوره‌ای که باعث راکد ماندن و اثربخشی اندک تعدادی از پروژه‌ها و صدمه به فعالیت‌های احیای مراتع گردید و از سوی دیگر توزیع نامناسب مالکیت اراضی زراعی میان بهره‌داران در روستاهای بزرگ حوضه -اکثر اراضی متعلق به مالکین غایب می‌باشد - انتظارات طرح را از دیدگاه مردم فراهم ننموده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Watershed management projects and structural-functional changes of rural settlements (Case study: Chahkand catchment settlements in Birjand county)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahmoud Fallsolyman 1
  • Mohammad Hajipour 2
  • Mahnaz Ilkhani 3
1 Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.
3 M.A. in Geography and Rural Planning, Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Extended Abstract
Introduction
Nowadays, the discussion of watershed management as a new approach and a paradigm for planning, development and proper land management, water resources management and vegetation restoration with special emphasis on economic, social and environmental issues seeks to create participatory solutions and follows sustainable development (Sirajzadeh,2018: 20). In the framework of a systematic approach to geographical spaces and its phenomena, which emphasizes the relationship between structural and functional components of phenomena in close communication and correlation with each other (Saeedi,2011: 11), natural and ecological environmental factors are among those forces involved in the formation of spatial systems (Sadough and Saeedi,2006: 9). Watershed management projects are one of the common executive actions in the context of land that directly related to the ecological foundations of space. Therefore, recognizing and analyzing the changes and consequences of watershed management activities in the framework of the spatial approach is crucial. In fact, watershed management activities have spatial dimensions and should be considered and evaluated as one of the important geographical issues. In hot and dry climates and deserts areas such as South Khorasan and Birjand city, where there are severely limited water, soil and vegetation resources, the "Chahkand" watershed management project, a sub-basins of Chaahak Mousavieh, is one of the substantial projects with the goal of comprehensive management, preservation, revitalization and exploitation of water, soil and vegetation resources. Moreover, this project is done around hydrologic areas and aims to make a natural and optimal balance among them. The project covers an area of 2720 hectares, which is the site of 9 settlements. Now, more than a decade after the implementation of the Chahkand watershed management project, this study has attempted to represent and recognize the spatial effects of this project on the structural-functional changes of rural settlements in the Chahkand Watershed.
 
Methodology
 It was a practical study and based on descriptive-analytical approach. The theoretical foundation and the information related to the background of the project were collected through library method. Additionally, questionnaires and open conversation with local residents were other sources of data collection procedure in the present study. For the purpose of this study, a questionnaire was designed and then filled by 111 participants. The collected data was coded
 
and analyzed with the use of SPSS and Microsoft Excel softwares. In order to analyze the regional stability, "stability radar" and "Morris model" techniques were used.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the implementation of the watershed management plan on the sustainability of the settlements of Chahkand area was more than average in social and environmental dimensions and less than average in economic dimension.
From a social point of view, the collaboration of some villagers in various projects was effective. Moreover, increasing the water of canals and springs through feeding projects in some years and the gradual restoration of rangelands were influential factors based on the environmental dimension.
However, in the economic dimension, according to people’s point of view the expectations of the project have not met. This finding has two main causes. Firstly, the periodic drought phenomenon that causes stagnation, makes a number of project ineffective, and damages the rangeland rehabilitates activities. Secondly, improper distribution of agricultural land ownership among the landlords in large villages in the basin (most of the land belongs to the absent owners).
 
Conclusion
In the economic dimension, the highest impact of the watershed management project on the spatial developments of the sample villages related to "change in land prices and real estate received by the village" variable and the lowest impact in the field belonged to the "creating sustainable employment" variable. Generally, based on the participants’ point of view the watershed management plan had been moderately effective in the development of rural spaces in the economic dimension. In the social dimension, "the degree of correlation in the village" variable and the "the amount of access to recreational facilities" had the highest and the lowest impact respectively. Furthermore, according to the respondents, the watershed management project has been moderately effective in the development of rural spaces in the social dimension. The highest impact of the watershed management project on the spatial changes of the sample villages in the environmental dimension related to “prevention of damages to canals and avoid the destruction” variable. The result indicated that the lowest impact in the filed belongs to “Quantity of canal water" variable and also to some other variables including "Increased River flow" "Extension of wildlife around the village" and "Restoration of landscapes and natural landscape outside the village" respectively. Using the Morris model to rank the studied villages in Chahkand catchment based on the effects of watershed management project on the dimensions of sustainability (such as economic, social and environmental dimensions) showed that among the villages Ashgabat, Roshanavand and Einid Bala villages got the highest Morris score respectively. According to the Morris model, the highest sustainability related to environmental sustainability in Einid Bala village and the lowest one belonged to economic sustainability in Roshanavand village. Finally, according to the findings of the study, the implementation of the watershed management project had the greatest impact on the status of stability in the social dimension and the least in the economic dimension.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rural Sustainability
  • Natural Resources Management
  • Watershed Management Plan
  • Structural-Functional Transformation
  • Chahkand Catchment
  • Birjand
  1. آزموده، علی؛ نهبندی، هادی؛ زارعی، مهدی و حبیب نژاد روشن، محمود (1387). بررسی نقش آب بندان ها به عنوان راهکاری برای مقابله با خشکسالی در شمال کشور.محل انتشار:اولین کنفرانس بین المللی بحران آب. https://civilica.com/doc/64260
  2. جهان­­تیغ، منصور (۱۳۷۵). بررسی اثرات اقتصادی-اجتماعی عملیات آبخیزداری انجام شده در استان سیستان و بلوچستان. مجله­ی جهاد. دوره 17، شماره­ ۱۹۳-۱۹۲، صص. 39-35. https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/162997
  3. رائو، کریشنا­پی­نینتی (1385). توسعه پایدار: اقتصاد و سازوکارها، ترجمه احمدرضا یاوری، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
  4. زاهدی، شمس­السادات و نجفی، غلامعلی (1385). بسط مفهومی توسعه پایدار، فصلنامه مدرس علوم انسانی، دوره 10، شماره 49، صص. 76-43. https://www.sid.ir/paper/6827/fa
  5. سراج­زاده، حسین (1397). مقدمه­ای بر فن آبخیزداری (فن مبارزه با فرسایش خاک و مهار سیلاب)، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
  6. سعیدی، عباس (1377). توسعه پایدار و ناپایداری توسعه روستایی، نشریه مسکن و انقلاب، شماره 2، صص. 22-17. https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/993448
  7. سعیدی، عباس (1390). پویش ساختاری – کارکردی رویکردی نظاموار در مطالعات مکانی – فضایی، فصلنامه جغرافیا (نشریه­ی علمی- پژوهشی انجمن جغرافیای ایران)، دوره 9، شماره 29، صص. 16-7. https://www.sid.ir/paper/150431
  8. سعیدی، عباس (1391). پویش ساختاری کارکردی: رویکردی بدیل در برنامه ریزی فضایی، فصلنامه اقتصاد فضا و توسعه روستایی، دوره 1، شماره 1، صص. 19-1. https://www.sid.ir/paper/506370
  9. صدوق، سیدحسن و سعیدی، عباس (1385). نظام فضایی به مثابه جوهره مطالعات جغرافیایی، فصلنامه جغرافیا (نشریه­ی علمی- پژوهشی انجمن جغرافیای ایران)، دوره 4، شماره 10و11، صص. 20-7. https://www.sid.ir/paper/452788
  10. فرهودی، رحمت الله (۱۳۷۷). جزوه اصول و روش­های برنامه­ریزی ناحیه­ای. تهران: دوره دکتری دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد علوم و تحقیقات.
  11. فعلی رسولی، سعید و سلیمان رسولی، آذر (1396). بررسی اثرات اقتصادی، اجتماعی و زیست محیطی طرح های آبخیزداری سد مهاباد، نشریه ترویج و توسعه آبخیزداری، دوره 5، شماره 18، صص. 33-25. https://elmnet.ir/article/1860043-88198
  12. قنبری، یوسف و قدوسی، جمال (1387). بررسی اثرات اجتماعی و اقتصادی آبخیزداری بر خانوارهای روستایی در حوضه آبریز تنگ چشم شهرستان سمیرم، مجله پژوهشی دانشگاه اصفهان (علوم انسانی)، دوره 29، شماره 1، صص. 204-195. https://elmnet.ir/article/1304178-31431
  13. یزدانی، محمود؛ جلیلیان، حمید و پری زنگنه، حمید (1388). ارزیابی اثرات اجتماعی- اقتصادی و زیست محیطی طرح­های آبخیزداری(مطالعه­ی موردی: طرح ساماندهی زنجان رود)، فصلنامه جغرافیا (نشریه­ی علمی- پژوهشی انجمن جغرافیای ایران)، دوره 7، شماره 20 و 21، صص. 96-81. https://www.sid.ir/paper/454276
  14. Azmoudeh, A., Nahbandi, H., Zarei, M. & Habib Nejad Roshan, M. (2008). Investigating the role of water dams as a solution to deal with drought in the north of the country. Place of publication: The first international conference on water crisis. [Persian] https://civilica.com/doc/64260
  15. Bruckmeier, K. & Tovey, H. (2008). Knowledge in Sustainable Rural Development: From Forms of Knowledge-to-Knowledge Processes, Journal of Sociologia Ruralis, Vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 329-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2008.00466.x
  16. S. & Moritss, P.  D.  M. (1990). Working to gether For Land cave groups Managemet Skills and Strategies, brisdan:  Astealian Academic press.
  17. Dilla, B. (1994). the adoption of Soli conservation pea ctices in bur Kina:  indegnous Know ledge and Development Monitor.
  18. Drasana, A. (2002). Impacts of watershed managementprojects in Madagasca: Case of Tsiazompaniry area.Available at: http://www:rinya.maff.go.jp/
  19. B.H.M. & Wiersum, K. F. (2001). Forestry and rural development in Europe: an exploration of socio-political discourses. Forest Policy and Economics, Vol. 3, No 1-3, pp. 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1389-9341(00)00027-7
  20. Farhoudi, R. (1998). Booklet of regional planning principles and methods. Tehran: Islamic Azad University Doctoral Course, Science and Research Unit. [Persian].
  21. Feli Rasouli, S. & Solyman Rasouli, A. (2017). Investigating the economic, social and environmental effects of Mahabad dam watershed projects, Watershed Promotion and Development Journal, Vol. 5, No. 18, pp. 25-33. [Persian] https://elmnet.ir/article/1860043-88198
  22. Ghanbari, Y. & Ghodousi, J. (2008). Investigating the social and economic effects of watershed management on rural households in Tang Cheshm watershed of Semiram city, Isfahan University Research Journal (Humanities), Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 195-204. [Persian]. https://elmnet.ir/article/1304178-31431
  23. Giordano, M. (2007). Agricultural water policy in China: Challenges, issues, and options. Journal of water policy abstracts, Vol. 9, No. 11, pp 1-9. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2007.042
  24. R.   M.   (1989). Development Program in Cent eral Somali 1985 – 1988.   Mogadi shu , Somalia , centeral Vange  lands development Project.   Minstrg ol livestock, Forestrg and range
  25. Hope, A. R. (2007). Evaluating social impacts of watershed development in India. World Development, Vol. 35, No. 8, pp. 1436-1449. http://text2fa.ir/wp-content/uploads/Text2fa.ir-Evaluating-Social-Impacts-of-Watershed-Copy.pdf
  26. Hudson, N. W. (1991). A study of reasons of failure of soil conservation projects. Rom: food and agriculture organization of the United Nations.
  27. JahanTigh, M. (1996). Investigating the socio-economic effects of watershed operations in Sistan and Baluchistan province. Jihad magazine, Vol. 17, No. 193-192, pp. 39-35. [Persian] https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/162997
  28. Johnson, R. C. (1993). Effects of foresting on suspended solids and bedload yields in the Balquhidder Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 145, No. 3-4, pp. 403- 417. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90066-I
  29. Latif, N. (2002). Techniques in Seed Science and Technology (translation), Faculty of Agriculture, Gorgan University.
  30. Lowe, P. & Ward, N. (2007). Sustainable rural economies: some lessons from the English experience, Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 15, No. 5, pp. 307–317. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.348
  31. Pathak, P., Chourasia, A. K., Wani, S., & Sudi, R. (2013). Multiple impact of integrated watershed management in low rainfall semi-arid region: A case study from Eastern Rajasthan, India, Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol. 5, No.1, pp. 27-36. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2013.51004
  32. Plaster, E. (2002). Soil science and management (Second Eds), Delmar publisher Inc, 182p.
  33. Quaddus, M. (2001). Modeling sustainable development planning: A multi criteria decision conferencing approach, Environment International, Vol. 27, No. 2-3, pp. 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(01)00066-6
  34. Rao, K. P. (2006). Sustainable Development: Economy and Mechanisms, translated by Ahmadreza Yavari, Tehran: Tehran University Press. [Persian].
  35. Rockström, J., Hatibu, N., Oweis, T., Wani, S., Barron, J., Bruggeman, A., Qiang, Z., Farahani, J. & Karlberg, (2007). Managing Water in Rain-fed Agriculture.In: (Molden D, ed), Water for Food, Water for Life. AComprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. International Water Management Institute. Earthscan, London, UK.
  36. Sadough, S. H. & Saeedi, A. (2006). Spatial system as the essence of geographical studies, Geography Quarterly (a scientific-research journal of the Iranian Geographical Society), Vol. 4, No. 10-11, pp. 20-7. [Persian] https://www.sid.ir/paper/452788
  37. Saeedi, A. (1998). Sustainable development and unsustainability of rural development, Housing and Revolution Magazine, No. 2, pp. 17-22. [Persian]. https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/993448
  38. Saeedi, A. (2011). Structural-functional analysis of a systematic approach in spatial-spatial studies, Geography Quarterly (scientific-research journal of the Iranian Geographical Society), Vol. 9, No. 29, pp. 7-16. [Persian]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/150431
  39. Saeedi, A. (2012). Functional structural survey: an alternative approach in spatial planning, Spatial Economy and Rural Development Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-19. [Persian] https://www.sid.ir/paper/506370
  40. SarajZadeh, H. (2018). An introduction to the technique of watershed management (the technique of combating soil erosion and flood control), Tehran: Samt Publications. [Persian].
  41. Satterland, R. D. (1996). Wildland Watershed Management. Ronald press Co. New York.
  42. Shepherd, A. (1998). sustainable rural development. palgrave , new York.
  43. Thmopmson, P. B. (1999). sustainability as norm, available in: http: // scolar. lib. Vt. Edu/ ejournals / spt / v2n2 / Thompson. html.
  44. World Commission for Environment and Development (1987). ‘Our Common Future’, Oxford University Press.
  45. Yazdani, M., Jalilian, H. & PariZanganeh, H. (2009). Evaluating the socio-economic and environmental effects of watershed management projects (case study: Zanjan River planning project), Geography Quarterly (scientific-research journal of the Iranian Geographical Society), Vol. 7, 20-21, pp. 81-96. [Persian]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/454276
  46. Zahedi, Sh. & Najafi, Gh. (2006). Development of the concept of sustainable development, Modares Humanities Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 49, pp. 43-76. [Persian]. https://www.sid.ir/paper/6827/fa