Geography

Geography

Feasibility Study of Public Transportation in Smart Urban Growth

Document Type : Article extracted From phd dissertation

Authors
1 Department of Geography and urban planning, Marand Branch, Islamic azad university, Islamic Azad university, Marand, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Marand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marand, Iran.
3 Professor of Department of Geography and urban planning, Marand branch, Islamic azad university, Marand, Iran.
Abstract
Extended Abstract 
Introduction
Today, the automobile is the most important means of transportation, which has a lot of movement and energy. Concerning this process, in recent decades, concepts such as sustainable development and sustainable urban development have been proposed as solutions to the patterns of physical, social, and economic development. Therefore, problems such as the destruction of natural resources, destruction of biological systems, excessive population growth, injustice and reducing the quality of human life in the present and future can be prevented. Accordingly, governments are always trying to overcome environmental problems with various policies and programs or reduce the negative effects of human functions on the environment (pollution and environmental degradation). Khoy city, due to the special place in the region and a wide sphere of influence in terms of population and administrative and economic flows, has the most traffic in the region, especially in the city, which requires the existence of intelligent urban systems. Although we are currently witnessing public transportation and taxi systems in some parts of the city, there are still many challenges and issues until the needs of the citizens are met, which the most important of them are the lack of coverage of most parts of the city, unnecessary traffic of some citizens, lack of bicycle lanes, heavy traffic in the central and historical contexts, lack of close monitoring of the public transportation system, disorder in the transportation system, incompatibility of urban land use planning system with urban transportation system, the lack of promotion of the central sidewalk network and the weakness of security in these spaces, disorder in the urban design system including pedestrian lines, sidewalks, and the network of roads, etc. Based on this, the present study tries to identify the indicators and components in order to evaluate the performance of Khoy city transportation system by emphasizing the approach of smart urban growth and improving the quality of life of citizens. In other words, the purpose of this study is to answer the following question: - What are the most important indicators for assessing the public transportation situation based on the smart growth approach in Khoy city?
 
Methodology
The present research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of applying the results. The statistical population of this study is the residents of Khoy city. Cochran's formula has been used to select a suitable sample for evaluation; in this context, the population of Khoy city, according to the last census in 2016, was 8845 people, so the selected sample is estimated at 383 people. The scale of measurement based on the Likert scale was from very low to very high and the way of scoring the questionnaire was from 1 to 5. Data analysis by structural equations has been exerted to analyze the research model. Through these techniques, the researcher can confirm or reject a hypothetical structure. In this regard, SPSS and Smart-PLS software programs have been exploited. The indicators were selected based on documentary-library and field studies, containing 24 indicators in 8 components.
 
Results and Discussion
The results of the study showed that there was a significant relationship at the level of 0.01% between the components of public transportation and smart growth. So that the most impacts related to the components of preservation of historical, safety and social monuments were 0.92 and 0.84 percent, respectively. Also at the factor loadings level, the lack of damage to open space and air pollution, encouraging growth from within and reducing sprawl growth, and creating job opportunities have had the greatest impact. Associated with intelligence, policy and safety were 19 and 68, respectively, and in contrast, the highest level of protection of historical and economic monuments was 145 and 105. Moreover, the highest significance was related to job creation, price reform, and interconnected transportation networks with values ​​of 291, 262, and 207, respectively. In contrast, the participation of the private sector, the diversity of routes between the two points, and the alignment of land-use policies with transportation had the lowest levels of significance with values of 11.8, 16.2, and 17.9, respectively.
 
Conclusion
Given the nature of development based on public transportation and its positive principles, proponents of this development believe that what should be considered in the design of urban systems is the development of comprehensive urban plans to maximize compliance between urban planning and land-use policies. Other urban transportation systems are optimal according to the characteristics of the urban network. Findings show that this inappropriate combination and uneven distribution of land-uses in development is such that it has not led to the internalization of travel in the field of development. In this way, people are required to use the automobile to do their daily chores, which leads to the demand for travel and, consequently, the need for parking and facing traffic. If there is a mixed-use in the field of development, travel by public transport or on foot to the desired destinations within the field of development, is practiced. Also, in many cases, the current situation is an obstacle in this direction, so that the traditional zoning emphasizes the development of single-use to protect the neighborhood from incompatible uses or limit residential density. For this purpose, it is necessary to re-zoning in comprehensive and detailed plans to consider the benefits of mixed-uses with public transportation, which will lead to greater compliance of the development area with the transit-oriented development approach.
 


Keywords

Subjects


  1. Abbaszadegan, M., Rezazadeh, R. & Mohammadi, M. (2011) Transit Oriented Development and Role of Tehran Subway System, Bagh-Nazar, Vol. 8, No. 17, pp. 43-58. [Persian].
  2. Abdollahi, A. & Fattahi, M. (2017). Measurement of smart urban growth indicators using electra technique (Case study: Kerman city), space planning and planning, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 147-171. [Persian].
  3. Aqdam, A., Hosseinzadeh, K. & Soltani, A. (2019). Restoration of historical context with the approach of tourism development (Khoy city), Geographical Quarterly of Tourism Space, Vol.8, No. 31, pp. 89-107. [Persian].
  4. Anderson, G. (2006). Why Smart Growth: A Primer, International City/County Management Association, and America WHY SMART GROWTH: A PRIMER.
  5. Ansari, M., Vali Shariat Panahi, M., Malek Hosseini, A. & Modiri, M. (2019) Spatial analysis of the distribution of urban smart growth indicators at the neighborhood level, Malayer case study, Regional Planning Quarterly, Vol. 8, Np. 32, pp. 93-112. [Persian].
  6. Bakhshi, A. (2016) The role of smart growth in the sustainable development of coastal cities (Case study: Babolsar city), PhD thesis in geography, under the guidance of Assadollah Divasalar, Payame Noor University. [Persian].
  7. Behzadfar, M. & Zabihi, M. (2011). Guide to urban planning in the framework of development based on public transportation, Bagh-e Nazar Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 18, pp. 50-39. [Persian].
  8. Bose, S. (2004). Smart Growth in the State of Ohio: Conflicts and Constraints an Analysis and Evaluation of the Evolution of Smart Growth in the Cleveland and Cincinnati. Master of Community planning, University of Cincinnati, Dr. Chifos. C.
  9. Boznjani, R., Azani, M., Saberi, H. & Momeni, M. (2019). Analysis and evaluation of smart urban growth strategy in the four regions of Kerman, Quarterly Journal of New Attitudes in Human Geography, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 41-25. [Persian].
  10. Bremer, S., Ali Mohammadian, M., Sajjadi, A., Poustachi, H., Hosseini, Seyed, M. & Yaseri, M. (2018) Familiarity with generalized structural equation modeling and its application in health research, Quarterly Journal of the Faculty of Health and the Institute of Health Research, Vol. 16, NO. 1, pp 5-62. [Persian].
  11. Delangizan, S., Khanzadi, A. & Heidarian, M. (2015). Studying the effects of fuel price changes on greenhouse gas emissions in the road transportation sector of Iran; approach of Robust Least Squares, Quarterly Journal of Orbital Economics, Vol.11, No.4, pp. 47-77. [Persian]
  12. Hadi Zanouz, B., Zaranjad, M., Tai, H. & Khodapnah, M. (2011). External consequences of transportation by private car in Tehran, Quantitative economics (economic studies), Vol.8, No.2, pp. 51-77. [Persian].
  13. Hasibuan, H., Soemardi, T., Koestoer, R. & Moersidik, S. (2014). The Role of Transit Oriented Development iIn Constructing Urban Environment Sustainability, the Case of Jabodetabek, Indonesia, Procedia Environmental Sciences, Vol. 5, No. 20, pp. 622-631.
  14. Houpin, S. (2010) Urban mobility and sustainable development in the Mediterranean Regional diagnostic outlook, Cover design: Plan Bleu.
  15. Heidari, M.T., Rasooli, M. & Rahmani, M. (2020) Analysis of the viability of border cities with the right approach to citizenship security Case study: Marivan city, Journal of Border Studies, Vol. 8, No.3, pp. 18-1. [Persian].
  16. Hematian, M. (2017) Strategic Analysis of Intelligent Growth in Isfahan Space Development, Master Thesis in Transportation Planning, under the guidance of Ali Mosayebzadeh, Urmia University. [Persian].
  17. Hosseini, A., Bahrami, Y. & Ghaderi Motlagh, I. (2014) An Analysis about the Influence of Neighborhood Functions on Travel Behavior of Citizens (Case Study: Rasht City), Human Geography Quarterly, Vol.46, No. 3, pp. 657-676. [Persian].
  18. Iams, A. & Kaplan, P. (2006) Economic Development and Smart Growth. International Economic Development Council, Research Record.
  19. Isaksson, R. (2006) Total Quality Management for Sustainable Development: Process Based System Models, Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 12, No. 5, pp.632-645.
  20. ITDP (Institude for Transiportation Development Policies) (2013) TOD Standards V1.0, Nelson Nygrad, Newyork.
  21. Karami, R. & Rostami, M. (2020) Investigating the effects of urban density on the urban transportation system (Case study: Central texture of Ilam city), Quarterly Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 12, No. 47, pp. 163-182. [Persian].
  22. Kazemian, G., Imani Jajarmi, H., Ayazi, M., Abdullahi, M., Salehi, I., Saeedi Rezvani, N., Mostafavi, R. & Nozarpour, A. (2015) Urban Management, ‌ ‌ Second Edition, Tehran: ‌Tisa Publications. [Persian].
  23. Knaap, G. & Talen, E. (2019). New Urbanism and Smart Growth: A Few Words from the Academy. INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL SCIENCE REVIEW, Vol.28, No.2, pp. 107–118.
  24. Khabaz, A. (2015). Assessing the Conformity of Public Transportation Development Process with Intelligent Urban Growth Indicators (Case Study: Region 2 of Tehran), Master Thesis in Geography of Urban Management, under the supervision of Ali Khaksari, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran. [Persian]
  25. Khmer, G. & Heidari, A. (2016) Evaluation of Smart Urban Growth Pattern in New Cities of Iran with Emphasis on Sadra New City Using SLEUTH Model, Geographical Space, Vol. 16, No. 53, pp. 253-270. [Persian].
  26. Khodaverdi Nalkhasi, S., Ruhi, A. & Fallah Manshadi, E. (2014) Introduction to car-free urban development (Case study: Mahalla Kan), Daneshshahr, No. 277, Tehran City Center for Studies and Planning. [Persian].
  27. Litman, T. (2017) Evaluating Criticism of Smart Growth, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, www.vtpi.org. pp 1-124.
  28. Mafi, E. & Saghaei, M. (2008). An analysis of rural regeneration around metropolitan areas. Case Study of Mashhad Metropolis, Geography Quarterly and Regional Development, No.10, pp. 21-40
  29. Maboudi, M. & Hakimi, H. (2015). An Analysis of the Spatial Growth of Informal Settlements and Predicting Its Trend in Iran (Case Study: Informal Settlements in Khoy), Journal of Geography and Urban Development, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 84-67. [Persian].
  30. Mohammadi Doust, S., Khanizadeh, M. & Zilabi, S. (2016). Feasibility Study of Applying the Principles of New Urbanism in Sustainable Reconstruction of Inefficient and Problematic Urban Neighborhoods with Emphasis on Intelligent Growth (Case Study: Central Ahvaz), Regional Planning Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 24, pp. 230-215. [Persian].
  31. Nazmfar, H., Eshghi Chaharborj, A. & Ismaili, A. (2018). Analysis of Intelligent Urban Growth Indicators in Urmia Urban Areas, Bi-Quarterly Journal of Urban Ecology Research, Vol. 9, No. 17, pp. 35-48. [Persian].
  32. Population and Housing Census (2016) Statistics Center of Iran. [Persian].
  33. Pauleit, S., Ennos, R., & Golding, Y. (2005) Modeling The Environ Mental impacts of Urban Land Use and land cover Change–a Study in Merseyside, UK. Landscape Urban Plan, Vol. 71, No. 2-4, pp. 295-310.
  34. Peiser, R. (2001). Smart growth tools for transportation, ITE journal, Vol.70, No.11.
  35. Shi, Yaqi., Xiang, Sun., Xiaodong, Zhu. & Yangfan, Li. (2012). Characterizing growth types and analyzing growth density distribution in response to urban growth patterns in peri-urban.
  36. Qaraguzlu A., Al Sheikh A. & Sajjadian M. (2012). A Comparative Analysis of the Role of Urban Transportation in Air Pollution by Separate Municipal Areas of Tehran (Carbon Monoxide) Using GIS, Zagros Landscape Geographical Quarterly, Vol. 4, No.12, pp. 21-40. [Persian].
  37. Rafieian, M., Asgari Tafreshi, H. & Sedighi, E. (2010). Application of Transportation-Based Development (TOD) Approach in Urban Land Use Planning Sample Study: Sadeghieh Metro Station, Space Planning, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 295-312. [Persian].
  38. Rafiian, M., Pourjafar, M., Akbar Taghvaei, A. & Sadeghi, A. (2013) Presenting the urban design process of local communities with emphasis on the "transportation-oriented development" approach, Urban Studies, Vol. 2, No.6, pp. 59-74. [Persian].
  39. Sarvar, R. & Amini, M. (2013) Analysis and evaluation of socio-cultural impact of traffic and urban transportation, first edition, Tehran: Tisa Publishing. [Persian].
  40. Soltani, A. (2011). Discussions in urban transportation with emphasis on sustainability approach, Shiraz: Shiraz University Press. [Persian].
  41. Shadab Mehr, H. (2016). Explaining public transportation patterns in Mashhad based on access indicators from the perspective of sustainable development, Master Thesis in Urban Planning, under the guidance of Rahim Rahnama, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad. [Persian]
  42. Shami, F. (2017). Investigating the effects of endogenous development in urban worn-out textures with intelligent growth approach (Case study: worn-out textures of Zanjan), supervised by Mohsen Ahadnejad Roshti, Master Thesis in Geography and Urban Planning, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Zanjan University. [Persian].
  43. Shukrgzar, A., Jamshidi, Z. & Jamshidi, P. (2015) Evaluation of the principles and strategies of smart urban growth in the future development of Rasht city based on Holdern population density model, Geography and Development Vol. 13, No. 41, pp. 45-64. [Persian].
  44. Teymourian, F. (2013). Design and development of a participatory system for urban public transportation (Case study of urban bus system), Master Thesis, under the guidance of Ali Asghar Al Sheikh and Abbas Ali Mohammadi Sarab, Khajeh Nasir al-Din Tusi University of Technology, Tehran. [Persian].
  45. Teymouri, D. (2016). A Study of Transportation Performance in Intelligent Growth (Case Study: Ardabil City), Master Thesis in Urban Design, under the guidance of Saber Mohammadpour, Islamic Azad University, Khalkhal Branch. [Persian].
  46. Yazdani, M., Firoozi Majand, I. & Shokrzadeh Fard, E. (2020). Evaluating the Spatial Distribution Pattern of Urban Bus Stations and Measuring Its Effects on the Utility of Public Transport Network Services, Traffic Management Studies Quarterly, Vol. 1398, No. 54, pp. 1-30. [Persian].
  47. Zanganeh, Y., Zanganeh Shahraki, S., Khodabandelou, H. & Abbas Fallah, V. (2018) An Analysis of the Role of Intelligent Urban Growth in Strengthening Local Identity (Case Study: Neighborhoods of District 5-6, Region 2 of Tehran Municipality), Geography and Urban Planning, Regional, Vol. 8, No.29, pp. 201-214. [Persian].
  48. Zarrabi, A., Hamid, S., Mohammadi, J. & Warsi, H. (2011) Spatial Analysis of Intelligent Growth Indicators (Case Study: Isfahan), Human Geographical Research, Vol. 43, No. 77, pp. 1-18. [Persian].