Geography

Geography

Identifying drivers influencing the reduction of damage and negative consequences of earthquakes with emphasis on crisis management approach (case study: Ardabil city)

Document Type : Article extracted From phd dissertation

Authors
Akbar Samadi 1
Rafat Shahmari Ardjani 2
Alireza Poursheykhian 2
Seyyede Sedighe Hasanimehr 3
Hossein Asghari 4
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Astara Branch, Islamic Azad University, Astara, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Astara Branch, Islamic Azad University, Asrata, Iran.
3 Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Astara Branch, Islamic Azad University, Astara, Iran.
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Astara Branch, Islamic Azad University, Astara, Iran.
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Considering the importance of applying crisis management in the planning and management system of cities, the aim of the present research is to identify the drivers influencing the reduction of damages and negative consequences of earthquake in Ardabil city and its future research with emphasis on urban crisis management. In general, it can be said that in terms of geographical and geological conditions, Iran is among the countries that are very vulnerable to natural disasters such as earthquakes, so that 31.7% of its total area is located in areas that are exposed to natural disasters and In the report of accidents related to tectonic hazards, Iran is listed as one of the top ten countries in the world. Ardabil is also facing the risk of earthquake due to the location of several faults around the city and the history of earthquakes. In addition to this, the city of Ardabil has special features such as the centrality of the province and of course the high population, the concentration of most of the administrative and economic centers of the province, the presence of dilapidated and dense structures, etc., places this city among the sensitive centers that are exposed to the risks of Natural hazards, especially earthquakes. Currently, this set of factors has caused the level of vulnerability of Ardabil city and its citizens to natural hazards, especially earthquakes.
 
Methodology
Considering that the current research seeks to develop practical knowledge in identifying drivers influencing the reduction of damages and consequences caused by earthquakes, emphasizing the approach of crisis management in Ardabil city and its future research. Therefore, the research method is practical in terms of its purpose, and it is forward-looking in terms of its nature with emphasis on analytical and exploratory approach. In this regard, first by using the documentary method and interviews with managers and elites, the drivers influencing the reduction of damages and consequences caused by the earthquake were identified with an emphasis on the crisis management approach, and then by using the Delphi method (20 elites and managers) and applied The technique of cross-effects analysis in MICMAC software, information analysis has been done with a future research approach.
 
Results and Discussion
According to the obtained results, among the main components (drivers) examined, the most influential on other components in order to reduce the damages and consequences caused by the earthquake with emphasis on crisis management in Ardabil city is related to managerial components and the most influential is related to social components. Also, among the sub-components, the most influential are the components of the existence of cohesion and integration in the city's management system to face natural hazards such as earthquakes, the existence of dynamic information systems about various types of hazards, especially earthquakes, in the organizations in charge of crisis management and supporting the culture of innovation and creativity in the direction of urban crisis management in the dimensions of prevention, preparation, exposure and empowerment, and the most effective is also related to the components of citizens' trust in city managers and officials and acceptance of their planning views, the quality of construction materials and buildings, and the quality and appropriate preparation of medical services and relief supplies for exposure. It has been with the earthquake crisis. Also, the influencing drivers do not affect a large number of components, and on the contrary, the components that are affected by a large number of drivers are many. Therefore, it can be said that according to the current situation of the crisis management system in Ardabil city in order to reduce the damage and consequences caused by the earthquake and the lack of key and strategic components that are effective in the development of the system, the future of crisis management in Ardabil city will be unstable.
 
Conclusion
The investigations carried out show that despite the existence of the Neor, Astara and Hir faults around the city of Ardabil and their history of earthquakes on the one hand, and the widespread existence of problematic tissues (worn out and marginalized) and the weakness of the city's management system in order to upgrade them, on the other hand, is required strategic planning And we are strategic in order to face possible earthquakes and reduce their effects. Also, the results indicate that with the continuation of the current situation, the reduction of vulnerabilities and negative consequences caused by possible future earthquakes will be undesirable.
Keywords
Earthquake
Vulnerability
Crisis management
Ardabil

Subjects

  1. Ainuddin, S. & Routray, J.K. (2012). Community resilience framework for an earthquake prone area in Baluchistan, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 5, No. 2, pp. 25-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.07.003
  2. Andrulis, D.P., Siddiqui, N.J. & Purtle, J.P. (2011). Integrating racially and ethnically diverse communities into planning for disasters: the California experience, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 5, No. 5, pp. 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1001/dmp.2011.72
  3. Borsekova, K., Nijkamp, P. & Guevara, P. (2018). Urban resilience patterns after an external shock: An exploratory study, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, No. 31, pp. 381–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.05.012
  4. Brusa, E., Chesi, C. & Torre, S.D. (2023). Securing the church of Madonna del Sole during the emergency phase of 2016 earthquake: interoperability of different actors as an instrument for reducing seismic risk of damaged built heritage, Procedia Structural Integrity, 44, pp. 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2023.01.036
  5. Cas, A.G., Frankenberg, E., Suriastini, W. & Thomas, D. (2014). The impact of parental death on child well-being: evidence from the Indian Ocean tsunami, Demography, 51, No. 2, pp. 437-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0279-8
  6. Chorynski, A., Pinskwar, I., Craczyk, D. & Kryzaniak, M. (2022). The emergence of different local resilience arrangements regarding extreme weather events in small municipalities, a case study from the Wielkopolska region, Poland, Sustainability, No. 14, pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103928
  7. Danielsson, E. (2016). Following routines: a challenge in cross-sectorial collaboration, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 24, No. 1, pp. 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12093
  8. Davis, I. & Izadkhah, Y. (2006). Building resilient urban communities, Open House International, 31, No. 1, pp. 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2006-B0002
  9. De Bruijn, K., Buurman, J., Mens, M., Dahm, R. & Klijn, F. (2017). Resilience in practice: Five principles to enable societies to cope with extreme weather events, Environmental Science, Policy, No. 70, pp. 21–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.02.001
  10. Deverell, E., Alvinius, A. & Hede, S. (2019). Horizontal collaboration in crisis management: an experimental study of the duty officer function in three public agencies, Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 10, No. 4, pp. 484–508. https://doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12179
  11. Dittfeld, H., Van Donk, D.P. & Van Huet, S. (2022). The effect of production system characteristics on resilience capabilities: a multiple case study, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 42, No. 13, pp. 103–127. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOPM-12-2021-0789
  12. Feldman, M.S. & Orlikowski, W.J. (2011). Theorizing practice and practicing theory, Organization Science, 22, No. 5, pp. 1240–1253. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66516
  13. Gafari, A., Pashazadeh, A. & Agai, V. (2017). Assessment and Prioritization of Urban Resilience against Earthquake (Case Study: Ardabil City and Its Four Regions), Journal of Geography and Environment Hazards, 6, No. 21, pp. 45-65. [Persian]. https://doi.org/10.22067/geo.v6i1.48413
  14. Harrald, J.R. (2006). Agility and discipline: critical success factors for disaster response, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 604, No. 1, pp. 256–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716205285404
  15. Hosseini Amini, H., Rajabi, A. & Behzad, A. (2022). an Analiz and evaluation of andisheh city gravitional centers from the prespective of passive defense and crisis management using matrix technique, 20, No. 74, pp. 85–99. [Persian]. http://dor.net/dor/20.1001.1.27833739.1401.20.74.5.5
  16. Hosseinikhah, H. (2020). An analysis on the crisis management of population centers in the territory with an emphasis on the crisis of Zaleh with the approach of future research and scenario writing (case study: population centers of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad provinces), PhD Thesis in geography and urban planning, University of Isfahan. [Persian]. 
  17. Jha, K., Miner, W. & Geddes, S. (2012). Building urban resilience: principles, tools, and practice, The World Bank.
  18. Jozi Khumslui, A. & Taqvaee, M. (2019). Vulnerability analysis and prioritization of historical uses of Isfahan metropolis in crisis management and emergency evacuation Thematic axes, Journal of Geography, 17, No. 62, pp. 123–137. [Persian]. https://mag.iga.ir/article_246838.html
  19. Khedmatzadeh, A., Mousavi, M. & Yousefzadeh, A. (2021). Analysis of Urban Vulnerability Indexes with the Approach Seismic Disaster Management Using Fuzzy Network Analysis Process (FANP) (Case study: Urmia city), Journal of Studies Human Settlements Panning, 16, No. 54, pp. 43-62. [Persian]. http://dor.net/dor/20.1001.1.25385968.1400.16.1.4.7
  20. Mezzi, M. & Fulco, A. (2022). Isolated Artificial Ground for the Seismic Safety in the Urban Reconstruction of Castelluccio di Norcia, XVII Convegno ASSISI. Torino (TO).
  21. Mirzaei, H., Yavar, B. & Mirtaheri, M. (2008). Lessons learn from disaster management in sistan. Drough along the world 7 intrnational pora, davos, Switzerland.
  22. Moerschell, L. & Novak, S.S. (2020). Managing crisis in a university setting: the challenge of alignment, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 28, No. 1, pp. 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12266
  23. Park, J.H., Park, S.H. & Kim, K.A. (2019). Disaster management and land administration in South Korea: Earthquakes and the real estate market, Land Use Policy, 85, pp. 52-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.03.040
  24. Pinskwar, I., Chorynski, A. & Kundzewicz, Z.W. (2020). Severe drought in the spring of 2020 in Poland—More of the same? Agronomy, No. 10, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111646
  25. Pourahmad, A. & Hatami, A. (2022). The Resilience of Kerman’s Historical Texture against Earthquakes and Strategies to Improve It, 20, No. 72, pp. 37–59. [Persian]. http://dor.net/dor/20.1001.1.27833739.1401.20.72.3.9
  26. Pribadi, K.S., Abduh, M., Wirahadikusumah, R.D., Hanifa, N.R., Irsyam, M., Kusumaningrum, P. & Puri, E. (2021). Learning from past earthquake disasters: The need for knowledge management system to enhance infrastructure resilience in Indonesia, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 64, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102424
  27. Roth, M. (2018). A resilient community is one that includes and protects everyone, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 74, No. 2, pp. 91–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2018.1436808
  28. Salmani Moghaddam, M., Amirahmadi, A. & Kavian, F. (2014). Investigating the role of land use planning in improving urban resilience against earthquakes using geographic information system GIS (case study: Sabzevar city), Geographical studies of dry areas, 5, No. 17, pp. 17-34. [Persian]. https://jargs.hsu.ac.ir/article_161365.html
  29. Scott, W.R. & Davis, G.F. (2007). Organizations and Organizing: Rational, Natural and Open Systems Perspectives, Routledge, New York.
  30. Spector, B. (2019). There is no such thing as a crisis: a critique of and alterative to the dominant crisis management model, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 27, No. 3, pp. 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12268
  31. UN educational, scientific and cultural organization. (2010). UNESCO and sustainable development, at: http:// UNESCO.
  32. United Nations Human Settlements Programme, World Cities Report. (2016). Urbanisation and Development: Emerging Futures. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), Kenya.
  33. Valabeigi, B. & Pourheidari, G. (2013). Crisis Management. Arvij Iranian Company, Iranian Crisis Management Scientific Association, Tehran. [Persian].
  34. Wiedmer, R., Rogers, Z.S., Polyviou, M., Mena, C. & Chae, S. (2021). The dark and bright sides of complexity: a dual perspective on supply network resilience, Journal of Business Logistics, 42, No. 3, pp. 336–359. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbl.12264
  35. Williams, T.A., Gruber, D.A., Sutcliffe, K.M., Shepherd, D.A. & Zhao, E.Y. (2017). Organizational response to adversity: fusing crisis management and resilience research streams, Academy of Management Annals, 11, No. 2, pp. 733–769. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2015.0134
  36. Xu, J., Dai, J., Rao, R. & Xie, H. (2016). The association between exposure and psychological health in earthquake survivors from the Longmen Shan Fault area: the mediating effect of risk perception, BMC public health, 16, No. 1, pp. 417-429. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2999-8
  37. Zhou, H., Wang, J., Wan, J. & Jia, H. (2009). Resilience to natural hazards: A geographic perspective, Natural Hazards, 53, No. 1, pp. 21-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9407-y.
Geography
Volume 21, Issue 78
Autumn2023, pp.1-202.
Autumn 2023
Pages 135-154