Document Type : Article extracted From phd dissertation
Authors
1
PhD Student, Department of Geography, Cha.C., Islamic Azad University, Chalus, Iran
2
(Responsible author),Department of Geography, Cha.C., Islamic Azad University, Chalus, Iran
3
Department of Geography, Cha.C., Islamic Azad University, Chalus, Iran
4
Department of Geography, Cha.C., Islamic Azad .University, Chalus, Iran
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The rapid and unplanned urbanization in northern Iranian coastal cities, particularly Chalus, has led to profound physical-spatial and social challenges. The conversion of agricultural and garden lands, uncontrolled construction, pressure from tourism, and the ecological fragility of the Caspian Sea coast have overwhelmed traditional urban management systems. These systems often suffer from institutional fragmentation, short-term decision-making, and a lack of social participation. While previous research has addressed individual challenges (e.g., waste management or land-use change), a comprehensive analysis linking physical-spatial indicators with social, managerial, economic, and environmental dimensions is lacking. This study aims to fill this gap by systematically analyzing urban management challenges in Chalus city. The core research questions are: (1) What is the current status of physical-spatial, social, managerial, economic, and environmental indicators in Chalus from the perspective of urban managers and experts? (2) Which dimension represents the most critical challenge? (3) What is the causal relationship between managerial weakness and other urban development indicators?
Methodology
This research is applied in purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. Data were collected through a combination of documentary studies and a survey. The statistical population consisted of urban managers, municipal officials, city council members, and relevant experts in Chalus. A sample of 300 valid questionnaires was analyzed. The researcher-made questionnaire was designed based on theoretical frameworks (Putnam, 2000; McGill, 2021; Deng et al., 2022) and included 64 items across five dimensions: socio-cultural (13 items), spatial-physical (17 items), managerial-institutional (11 items), economic (6 items), and environmental (17 items). Face and content validity were confirmed by expert panel, and reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α > 0.85 for all dimensions). Data were analyzed using SPSS and Excel. Statistical methods included Kolmogorov-Smirnov (for normality), one-sample t-test (to compare mean scores against the theoretical average of 3), Pearson correlation, simple linear regression, and Friedman test (to rank the severity of challenges).
Results and Discussion
he results showed that all indicators deviated significantly below the desirable level (mean < 3, p < 0.001). The mean scores were: socio-cultural (2.32), spatial-physical (2.50), managerial (2.33), economic (2.10), and environmental (2.40). The Friedman test revealed significant differences among the five dimensions (χ² = 48.72, p < 0.001). Environmental challenges ranked first (mean rank = 4.12), followed by economic (3.85), spatial-physical (3.43), managerial (2.91), and socio-cultural (2.69). Pairwise comparisons indicated that the environmental dimension was significantly worse than all others (p < 0.01). Within the environmental dimension, the lowest scores were related to waste and wastewater management (Z10, mean = 2.4), protection of natural landscapes (Z7, mean = 1.8), and supervision of construction permits (Z8, mean = 3.8 as a negative impact). In the spatial-physical dimension, respondents highlighted the lack of scientific land-use planning (F1, mean = 2.3) and the horizontal expansion without regard for environmental capacity (F5, mean = 4.1 as a perceived threat). Managerial challenges included the multiplicity of decision-making centers (M4, mean = 3.63) and emotional, non-specialist decisions (M5, mean = 3.7). The economic dimension showed that the city has failed to utilize its tourism and natural asset potential (E6, mean = 1.9). Pearson correlation revealed a strong positive relationship between managerial and spatial-physical indicators (r = 0.842, p < 0.01) and between managerial and environmental indicators (r = 0.731, p < 0.01). Regression analysis confirmed that the managerial indicator significantly predicts spatial-physical (β = 0.842, R² = 0.709), environmental (β = 0.731, R² = 0.534), and economic (β = 0.541, R² = 0.293) conditions. This suggests that institutional fragmentation and lack of a coherent governance structure are root causes of physical and environmental degradation. The socio-cultural dimension, while still weak, showed slightly more citizen willingness to report problems (S10, mean = 3.1), but trust and structured participation remained very low.
Conclusion
This study concludes that urban management in Chalus city is not only inefficient but also structurally incoherent. The environmental crisis—including waste accumulation, untreated sewage, beach and forest destruction—is the most severe challenge, followed by economic stagnation and unplanned physical expansion. Critically, the results demonstrate that managerial weakness is not an isolated issue but a causal driver of spatial, environmental, and economic dysfunctions. The theoretical implication is a confirmation that sustainable urban development in coastal cities requires institutional integration before any technical or infrastructural intervention. Practically, this study recommends: (1) immediate reform of the institutional structure to unify decision-making centers; (2) formulation of a participatory strategic plan focused on environmental resilience, including a waste management master plan and a green-blue
infrastructure network; (3) economic diversification based on sustainable tourism and natural asset preservation rather than short-term construction revenues; and (4) establishment of permanent citizen participation channels and transparency mechanisms. Limitation: the study relied on expert perception; future research should integrate objective spatial analyses (e.g., GIS-based land-use change detection) and resident household surveys. This research provides a replicable framework for diagnosing urban management challenges in other Iranian and Middle Eastern coastal cities.
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