Geography

Geography

Communication Corridors and Geopolitics of Peace: A Case Study of Iran-Turkey Relations

Document Type : Research Article

Authors
Samira Nobakht
Mohsen Janparvar
Ferdowsi University
10.22034/jiga.2026.2070149.1438
Abstract
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Peace, traditionally understood as the absence of war, has evolved into a broader concept encompassing justice, human rights, and societal harmony, as articulated by Johan Galtung’s framework of negative, positive, structural, and cultural peace. In the contemporary geopolitical landscape, peace extends beyond non-violence to foster cooperation and mutual prosperity. Geopolitics, historically tied to power struggles, has shifted toward facilitating peace and development, with communication corridors emerging as critical tools for spatial integration and conflict reduction. These corridors, encompassing road, rail, air, and energy routes, transcend mere transportation, acting as synergistic infrastructures that enhance economic interdependence, cultural exchange, and diplomatic stability. Iran and Turkey, as key regional powers in West Asia with a 500-km shared border and rich historical ties, offer a significant case for studying how such corridors can transform competitive dynamics into cooperative frameworks. Despite political differences, their shared infrastructure projects, like the Islamabad-Tehran-Istanbul (ITI) corridor and the Tabriz-Ankara gas pipeline, underscore their potential to foster sustainable peace. This study explores how these corridors contribute to positive peace by reducing geopolitical tensions and promoting regional stability.

Methodology
This research employs a mixed qualitative-quantitative approach, utilizing documentary and historical content analysis. Data were collected from secondary sources, including academic articles, books, theses, official reports, and news agencies, covering 2000–2024 for contemporary insights and credible historical records for earlier periods. Selection criteria prioritized source credibility, recency, and relevance to communication corridors, geopolitics of peace, and Iran-Turkey relations. Analytical tools included qualitative coding and thematic analysis to identify patterns (e.g., economic interdependence, cultural exchange, security cooperation), comparative historical analysis to trace developments from the Safavid-Ottoman era to the present, and descriptive statistical analysis for metrics like trade volumes and border crossings. The theoretical framework draws on Galtung’s positive peace, economic diplomacy, and geopolitics of connectivity. Limitations include restricted access to recent statistical data due to sanctions, scarcity of precise historical records, reliance on secondary sources, and the absence of fieldwork.
Results and Discussion
The findings, structured around operational indicators of peace, highlight the multifaceted role of communication corridors in Iran-Turkey relations:
v Economic Interdependence: The Tabriz-Ankara gas pipeline (operational since 2001) exports 30 million cubic meters of gas daily, meeting significant Turkish energy needs. The ITI corridor, revitalized in 2021, boosted bilateral trade to over $12 billion in 2023, connecting Iran to European markets. The 24/7 operation of the Razi-Kapikoy border since 2023 increased passenger and agricultural export traffic by 200%.
v Cultural Exchange: Annual cross-border tourism via Razi-Kapikoy and Bazargan-Gurbulak, alongside festivals (e.g., Iranian film festivals in Ankara since 2015) and the Mevlana student exchange program (since 2011), fosters mutual understanding.
v Diplomatic Cooperation: Over 30 high-level meetings between 2010 and 2024, agreements on customs and rail transport (2016, 2018), and joint efforts in OIC and ECO forums enhance institutional dialogue. The Astana talks (2017–2018) facilitated Syria’s de-escalation zones.
v Security Cooperation: Turkey’s 70-km border wall (2017–2024) and joint border patrols reduce smuggling and PKK activities, ensuring secure transit routes.
v Regional Convergence: Collaboration in crises like Syria, Nagorno-Karabakh (2020), and Iraq (anti-ISIS efforts, 2014–2017) leverages corridors for humanitarian aid, transforming competition into cooperation.
v Transit Corridors: The Tehran-Tabriz-Van rail, ITI, and North-South Corridor (INSTC) connect the Persian Gulf to the Black Sea, handling over 20 million tons of regional trade in 2023, reinforcing spatial-economic synergies.

Conclusion
Communication corridors serve as geopolitical tools fostering positive peace by creating spatial synergies that integrate diverse regions. In Iran-Turkey relations, these corridors reduce trade costs, enhance cultural ties, and build trust, aligning with Galtung’s positive peace framework. Historical analysis underscores their role since Safavid-Ottoman times, evolving into modern connectors like the INSTC and ITI, which mitigate tensions. However, challenges such as sanctions, regional complexities, and security threats (e.g., PKK activities) limit their potential. Comparative studies, like India-Bangladesh corridors, confirm that transit infrastructures drive long-term stability. To advance peace, Iran and Turkey should invest in joint infrastructure, digital customs, and cultural programs. In conclusion, these corridors transform competitive dynamics into cooperative frameworks, fostering sustainable regional stability.

Highlights

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Keywords
Geopolitics of Peace, Communication Corridors, Iran, Tü
rkiye
Subjects
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Anadolu Agency. (2019). Iranian film festival in Ankara and Istanbul. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/culture-and-art/film-festival-in-istanbul-aims-to-boost-ties-with-iran/1335526
Anadolu Agency. (2023). Progress of the Turkey-Iran border wall project. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/turkiye-finishes-building-major-170-km-stretch-of-security-wall-on-border-with-iran/3083406
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BP. (2023). Statistical review of world energy 2023. BP Statistical Review
Cavallar, G. (2001). Kantian perspectives on democratic peace: Alternatives to Doyle. Review of International Studies, 27(2), 229–248.
Celik, S. (2022). Efforts to improve the transit trade in Iran in the Republic period (1923–1950). Iran Çalışmaları Dergisi (Journal of Iranian Studies).
Chen, Y. (2021). New development of Turkey–Iran relations from the perspective of Eurasianism. In A. Ehteshami & M. Mohseni-Cheraghlou (Eds.), The geopolitics of Iran (pp. xx–xx). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3564-9_21
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Dalby, S. (2011, November). Peace and geopolitics: Imagining peaceful geographies. Paper presented at the University of Newcastle Symposium on Peace in Geography and Politics, Newcastle, United Kingdom.
Danilovic, V., & Clare, J. (2007). The Kantian liberal peace (revisited). American Journal of Political Science, 51(2), 397–414. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2007.00258.x
Doyle, M. W. (1986). Liberalism and world politics. American Political Science Review, 80(4), 1151–1169.
El-Anis, I. (2021). Transport infrastructure and regional integration in the Middle East. The Muslim World, 111(4), 566–585.
Elik, S. (2013). Iran–Turkey relations, 1979–2011: Conceptualising the dynamics of politics, diplomacy and economics. Routledge.
ESCAP. (2023). Sustainable transport connectivity in Asia and the Pacific. United Nations.
Evaghorou, E. L. (2020). Energy developments in the Eastern Mediterranean region and geostrategic implications on the Cyprus issue. International Journal of Euro-Mediterranean Studies, 13(1), 109–133.
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Floor, W. (2000). The economy of Safavid Persia. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
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Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301
Galtung, J. (1985). Twenty-five years of peace research: Ten challenges and some responses. Journal of Peace Research, 22(2), 141–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234338502200205
Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343390027003005
Gatti, R. C. (2025). Ecological peace corridors: A new conservation strategy to protect human and biological diversity. Biological Conservation, 302, 110947.
Güngörürler, S. (2025). The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Iran, 1639–1683: Diplomacy and borderlands in the early modern Middle East. Edinburgh University Press.
Gunter, M. M. (2009). Secularism and Muslim democracy in Turkey. The Middle East Journal, 63(3), 511–512.
Guo, W., Lu, X., Donate, G. M., & Johnson, S. (2016). The spatial ecology of war and peace. arXiv Preprint arXiv:1604.01693.
Hilal Yildirir Keser, H. (2015). Importance of transport corridors in regional development: The case of TRACECA. Sosyoekonomi, 23(24), 163–174.
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Kasymov, S. S., Masharipov, M. M., & Tohirov, M. M. (2023). Geopolitics of transport corridors. World Economics and Finance Bulletin, 18, 10–16. https://scholarexpress.net/index.php/wefb/article/view/1921
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Ljungkvist, K., & Jarstad, A. (2021). Revisiting the local turn in peacebuilding through the emerging urban approach. Third World Quarterly, 42(10), 2209–2226. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1929148
Matthee, R. P. (1999). The politics of trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for silver, 1600–1730. Cambridge University Press.
Megoran, N. (2010). Towards a geography of peace: Pacific geopolitics and evangelical Christian crusade apologies. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35(3), 382–398.
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